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California bulrush, giant bulrush, southern bulrush, tule

Rhizomes

10–15 mm diam.

Culms

bluntly trigonous with nearly flat sides throughout to cylindric proximally, obscurely trigonous distally, 1–4 m × 4–10 mm, smooth.

Leaves

3–4, basal, ca. 1/6 culm length;

sheath fronts coarsely pinnate-fibrillose;

blades 0–1, dorsiventrally flat, not more than 1/2 sheath length, distal blade to 20 × 2 mm.

Inflorescences

3 or more times branched, branches to 21 cm;

proximal bract usually erect, obtusely trigonous to subcylindric-channeled, 1–8 cm, margins often scabridulous.

Spikelets

25–150+, solitary and in clusters of 2 or more, 5–11 × 3 mm;

scales orange-brown, brightly lineolate-spotted, broadly oval, 2.5 × 2 mm, margins ciliolate, flanks veinless, apex rounded, notch 0.1–0.2 mm deep, awn not contorted, usually bent outward, 0.3 mm, sparsely scabrous.

Flowers

perianth members 2–4, dark red-brown, thickly strap-shaped or trigonous, equaling achenes, fringed with brownish, soft, blunt hairs;

anthers 1.5 mm;

styles 2-fid.

Achenes

dark gray-brown when ripe, unequally biconvex or plano-convex, ovoid to obovoid, 1.8–2.2 × 1.3 mm;

beak 0.2 mm.

2n

= 68.

Schoenoplectus californicus

Phenology Fruiting spring–summer.
Habitat Brackish to fresh marshes, shores, often emergent in water
Elevation 0–1400 m (0–4600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; FL; GA; KS; LA; MS; NC; NM; NV; OK; SC; TN; TX; Mexico; Central America; West Indies; South America (s to Argentina, Chile); Pacific Islands (Cook Islands, Easter Island, Hawaii) [Introduced, New Zealand]
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Discussion

Schoenoplectus californicus forms sterile hybrids with S. acutus in California (see 1. S. tabernaemontani) (S. G. Smith 1995). It reportedly occurs in Pope County, Illinois, although I have not seen a specimen.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 23, p. 50.
Parent taxa Cyperaceae > Schoenoplectus > sect. Schoenoplectus
Sibling taxa
S. acutus, S. americanus, S. deltarum, S. erectus, S. etuberculatus, S. hallii, S. heterochaetus, S. mucronatus, S. pungens, S. purshianus, S. saximontanus, S. smithii, S. subterminalis, S. tabernaemontani, S. torreyi, S. triqueter
Synonyms Elytrospermum californicum, Scirpus californicus
Name authority (C. A. Meyer) Soják: Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 140: 127. (1972)
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