Pediomelum esculentum |
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Indian breadroot, large Indian breadroot, prairie turnip |
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Habit | Herbs usually caulescent, rarely subacaulescent to acaulescent, to 50 cm, eglandular and pubescent throughout. |
Stems | erect, usually unbranched, sometimes branched basally, leaves dispersed along stem and arising nearly perpendicular to it; pseudoscapes 0.5–2 cm; cataphylls 0.5–15 mm, striate. |
Leaves | palmately (3–)5-foliolate; stipules persistent, broadly lanceolate proximally to linear-lanceolate distally, 10–20 × 2–8 mm, stramineous basally, eglandular, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect; petiole not jointed basally, (2–)30–100(–150) mm; petiolules 1.5–4 mm; leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2–4(–6) × 0.7–2.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, apex broadly acute to rounded or retuse, surfaces abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrate except on midvein. |
Inflorescences | persistent (not disjointing at base of peduncle in fruit), elliptic to oblong; rachis 1.6–7 cm, elongating slightly in fruit, nodes (6–)8–15, (2 or)3 flowers per node; bracts persistent, oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–15 × (0.5–)4–9 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect. |
Peduncles | (0.5–)5–12(–15) cm, shorter than subtending petiole, pilose. |
Pedicels | 1–3 mm. |
Flowers | 12–20 mm; calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 13–16 mm abaxially, 12–14 mm adaxially, eglandular, pubescent; tube 5–6 mm; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate to elliptic, abaxial 7.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, adaxial 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm; corolla violet to blue-purple, banner sometimes paler, oblanceolate, 17–18 × 6 mm with claw 7–8 mm, wings 15–16.5 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm, keel 12–12.5 × 3 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm; filaments 11–14 mm; anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm; ovary pubescent apically, style glabrous apically. |
Legumes | oblong, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, eglandular, pubescent, beak 9–13(–16) mm, exserted beyond calyx. |
Seed | brown, reniform, 4 × 3 mm, somewhat rugose. |
2n | = 22. |
Pediomelum esculentum |
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Phenology | Flowering late spring–summer. |
Habitat | Prairies, grasslands, open pine woodlands. |
Elevation | 500–2000 m. (1600–6600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY; AB; MB; SK
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Discussion | Pediomelum esculentum was once one of the main sources of starch for Native American tribes of the Great Plains, eaten fresh, boiled, dried, or ground into flour and used as a thickening agent. Use of the root for food and barter was documented by Lewis and Clark on their historic expedition across the United States (Mer. Lewis and W. Clark 2003). Pediomelum esculentum ranges in morphology from strongly caulescent to acaulescent with no apparent geographical structuring in this most widespread species. J. W. Grimes (1990) placed this species in subg. Pediomelum due to its persistent inflorescences. Molecular phylogenetic and network analyses suggest a split affinity for P. esculentum between both subgenera, suggesting that this may be an intermediate form and bridge between his subgenera or the groupings suggested by D. J. Ockendon (1965) based on habit—groupings somewhat supported by molecular phylogenies (A. N. Egan and K. A. Crandall 2008, 2008b). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum |
Sibling taxa | |
Synonyms | Psoralea esculenta |
Name authority | (Pursh) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 20. (1919) |
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