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Indian breadroot, large Indian breadroot, prairie turnip

slimflower scurfpea

Habit Herbs usually caulescent, rarely subacaulescent to acaulescent, to 50 cm, eglandular and pubescent throughout. Herbs caulescent, to 130 cm, glandular, glabrate to pubescent.
Stems

erect, usually unbranched, sometimes branched basally, leaves dispersed along stem and arising nearly perpendicular to it;

pseudoscapes 0.5–2 cm;

cataphylls 0.5–15 mm, striate.

erect, much branched distally, leaves dispersed along stems;

pseudoscapes 0;

cataphylls 4–12 mm, papery, glabrous.

Leaves

palmately (3–)5-foliolate;

stipules persistent, broadly lanceolate proximally to linear-lanceolate distally, 10–20 × 2–8 mm, stramineous basally, eglandular, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect;

petiole not jointed basally, (2–)30–100(–150) mm;

petiolules 1.5–4 mm;

leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2–4(–6) × 0.7–2.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, apex broadly acute to rounded or retuse, surfaces abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrate except on midvein.

palmately (1 or)3–5-foliolate, rarely with unifoliolate leaf subtending peduncles;

stipules persistent to tardily deciduous, linear-lanceolate, (2–)4–5 × 1 mm, glandular, strigose;

petiole rarely from swollen pulvinus, 1.5–17(–22) mm;

petiolules 1–2.5 mm;

leaflet blades elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, (1–)1.4–3(–4.1) × 0.4–0.8(–1.5) cm, base rounded to attenuate, apex rounded to retuse, often apiculate, surfaces glandular, abaxially strigose, adaxially glabrous.

Inflorescences

persistent (not disjointing at base of peduncle in fruit), elliptic to oblong;

rachis 1.6–7 cm, elongating slightly in fruit, nodes (6–)8–15, (2 or)3 flowers per node;

bracts persistent, oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–15 × (0.5–)4–9 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect.

persistent, long-ovoid to elongate;

rachis 1.5–6 cm, elongating through fruiting, nodes 3–12, 1–3 flowers per node, internodes 1–35 mm;

bracts persistent, trullate to lanceolate, 1.5–3(–5) × 0.5–2 mm, glandular, glabrate to strigose.

Peduncles

(0.5–)5–12(–15) cm, shorter than subtending petiole, pilose.

2–9.5 cm, longer than subtending petiole, strigose.

Pedicels

1–3 mm.

1.5–3 mm.

Flowers

12–20 mm;

calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 13–16 mm abaxially, 12–14 mm adaxially, eglandular, pubescent;

tube 5–6 mm;

lobes linear or linear-lanceolate to elliptic, abaxial 7.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, adaxial 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm;

corolla violet to blue-purple, banner sometimes paler, oblanceolate, 17–18 × 6 mm with claw 7–8 mm, wings 15–16.5 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm, keel 12–12.5 × 3 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm;

filaments 11–14 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm;

ovary pubescent apically, style glabrous apically.

5–6 mm;

calyx not or only slightly elongating in fruit and not changing shape or becoming gibbous, 2–4 mm, glandular, strigose to glabrate;

tube 1–1.5 mm;

lobes triangular, abaxial 1.5–2 × 1 mm, adaxial 0.5–1 × 0.5–1 mm;

corolla usually dark blue to purple, rarely white, banner usually paler, elliptic to obovate, 4.5–6 × 4.5–6 mm with claw 1–2 mm, wings 6 × 1.5–2.5 mm with claw 1.5–3 mm, keel 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–2 mm with claw 1.5–2 mm;

filaments 3.5–4 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.3 mm;

ovary glabrous or pubescent apically, style glabrous.

Legumes

oblong, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, eglandular, pubescent, beak 9–13(–16) mm, exserted beyond calyx.

deciduous with calyx and pedicel, ellipsoid, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, glandular, glabrous, beak broad, 1–2.5 mm, well exserted beyond calyx.

Seed

brown, reniform, 4 × 3 mm, somewhat rugose.

brown, reniform, 5–6 × 3–4 mm, shiny.

2n

= 22.

Pediomelum esculentum

Pediomelum tenuiflorum

Phenology Flowering late spring–summer. Flowering spring–summer.
Habitat Prairies, grasslands, open pine woodlands. Grasslands, desert scrub, woodlands.
Elevation 500–2000 m. (1600–6600 ft.) 200–2300 m. (700–7500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY; AB; MB; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CO; IA; IL; IN; KS; MN; MO; MT; NE; NM; NV; OK; SD; TX; UT; WI; WY; Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Pediomelum esculentum was once one of the main sources of starch for Native American tribes of the Great Plains, eaten fresh, boiled, dried, or ground into flour and used as a thickening agent. Use of the root for food and barter was documented by Lewis and Clark on their historic expedition across the United States (Mer. Lewis and W. Clark 2003).

Pediomelum esculentum ranges in morphology from strongly caulescent to acaulescent with no apparent geographical structuring in this most widespread species. J. W. Grimes (1990) placed this species in subg. Pediomelum due to its persistent inflorescences. Molecular phylogenetic and network analyses suggest a split affinity for P. esculentum between both subgenera, suggesting that this may be an intermediate form and bridge between his subgenera or the groupings suggested by D. J. Ockendon (1965) based on habit—groupings somewhat supported by molecular phylogenies (A. N. Egan and K. A. Crandall 2008, 2008b).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Pediomelum tenuiflorum is widespread with morphological gradations across its distribution, especially in leaf and inflorescence size and shape and calyx pubescence. P. A. Rydberg (1919–1920) recognized as many as four separate species based on these differences, which seem to be environmentally influenced. The calyx morphology of P. tenuiflorum resembles that of Ladeania lanceolata in that it does not enlarge through fruiting, but differs by the fruit being persistent on the receptacle and falling with the calyx.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum
Sibling taxa
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. esculentum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. verdiense
Synonyms Psoralea esculenta Psoralea tenuiflora, Psoralidium tenuiflorum
Name authority (Pursh) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 20. (1919) (Pursh) A. N. Egan: Novon 19: 311. (2009)
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