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Indian breadroot, large Indian breadroot, prairie turnip

rock Indian breadroot

Habit Herbs usually caulescent, rarely subacaulescent to acaulescent, to 50 cm, eglandular and pubescent throughout. Herbs caulescent, to 150 cm, mostly glandular throughout and pubescent.
Stems

erect, usually unbranched, sometimes branched basally, leaves dispersed along stem and arising nearly perpendicular to it;

pseudoscapes 0.5–2 cm;

cataphylls 0.5–15 mm, striate.

1, erect, much branched distally, leaves dispersed along stem, more so apically;

pseudoscapes 0;

cataphylls 5–15 mm.

Leaves

palmately (3–)5-foliolate;

stipules persistent, broadly lanceolate proximally to linear-lanceolate distally, 10–20 × 2–8 mm, stramineous basally, eglandular, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect;

petiole not jointed basally, (2–)30–100(–150) mm;

petiolules 1.5–4 mm;

leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2–4(–6) × 0.7–2.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, apex broadly acute to rounded or retuse, surfaces abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrate except on midvein.

palmately 3–5-foliolate;

stipules tardily deciduous, linear to linear-lanceolate, 7–12 × 1–4 mm, sparsely strigose;

petiole sometimes swollen but not jointed basally, 2–40 mm;

petiolules 1.5–2 mm;

leaflet blades narrowly elliptic, 1.3–4.5 × 0.3–1.4 cm, base obtuse to slightly cuneate, apex apiculate, surfaces abaxially tomentose, adaxially glabrous.

Inflorescences

persistent (not disjointing at base of peduncle in fruit), elliptic to oblong;

rachis 1.6–7 cm, elongating slightly in fruit, nodes (6–)8–15, (2 or)3 flowers per node;

bracts persistent, oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–15 × (0.5–)4–9 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect.

persistent, globose-ovoid, compact;

rachis 0.5–0.7 cm, crowded, nodes 2, (1–)3 flowers per node;

bracts persistent, orbiculate, 7–14(–20) × 6–13 mm, apex cuspidate to caudate, short-pubescent.

Peduncles

(0.5–)5–12(–15) cm, shorter than subtending petiole, pilose.

1.4–2 cm, usually longer than subtending petiole, appressed-pubescent.

Pedicels

1–3 mm.

3.5–5 mm.

Flowers

12–20 mm;

calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 13–16 mm abaxially, 12–14 mm adaxially, eglandular, pubescent;

tube 5–6 mm;

lobes linear or linear-lanceolate to elliptic, abaxial 7.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, adaxial 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm;

corolla violet to blue-purple, banner sometimes paler, oblanceolate, 17–18 × 6 mm with claw 7–8 mm, wings 15–16.5 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm, keel 12–12.5 × 3 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm;

filaments 11–14 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm;

ovary pubescent apically, style glabrous apically.

14–20 mm;

calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 11–19 mm abaxially, 10–12 mm adaxially, glandular, pubescent;

tube 4–5 mm;

lobes linear-lanceolate, abaxial 10.5–12 × 2–3.5 mm, adaxial 2.5–3 × 0.8–1 mm;

corolla lavender, banner oblanceolate, 13–16 × 6–7 mm with claw 4–5 mm, wings 12–14 × 2.5–3 mm with claw 4–5 mm, keel 8–10 × 2.5–3 mm with claw 3.5–6 mm;

filaments 8–10 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.3–0.4 mm;

ovary glabrous, pubescent on distal 1/6, style pubescent basally.

Legumes

oblong, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, eglandular, pubescent, beak 9–13(–16) mm, exserted beyond calyx.

ellipsoid, 7–8 × 4.5–5 mm, densely glandular, sparsely pubescent apically, beak 3–4 mm, subequal to calyx.

Seed

brown, reniform, 4 × 3 mm, somewhat rugose.

red-brown, oblong-reniform, 4 × 6 mm.

2n

= 22.

Pediomelum esculentum

Pediomelum reverchonii

Phenology Flowering late spring–summer. Flowering summer.
Habitat Prairies, grasslands, open pine woodlands. Open rocky fields, prairies.
Elevation 500–2000 m. (1600–6600 ft.) 200–500 m. (700–1600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY; AB; MB; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
OK; TX
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Pediomelum esculentum was once one of the main sources of starch for Native American tribes of the Great Plains, eaten fresh, boiled, dried, or ground into flour and used as a thickening agent. Use of the root for food and barter was documented by Lewis and Clark on their historic expedition across the United States (Mer. Lewis and W. Clark 2003).

Pediomelum esculentum ranges in morphology from strongly caulescent to acaulescent with no apparent geographical structuring in this most widespread species. J. W. Grimes (1990) placed this species in subg. Pediomelum due to its persistent inflorescences. Molecular phylogenetic and network analyses suggest a split affinity for P. esculentum between both subgenera, suggesting that this may be an intermediate form and bridge between his subgenera or the groupings suggested by D. J. Ockendon (1965) based on habit—groupings somewhat supported by molecular phylogenies (A. N. Egan and K. A. Crandall 2008, 2008b).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Pediomelum reverchonii is recognized by its large, persistent bracts and slender, branching habit. It is restricted to south-central Oklahoma and north-central Texas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum
Sibling taxa
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. esculentum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
Synonyms Psoralea esculenta Psoralea reverchonii
Name authority (Pursh) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 20. (1919) (S. Watson) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 19. (1919) — (as reverchoni)
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