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Indian breadroot, large Indian breadroot, prairie turnip

gulf Indian breadroot

Habit Herbs usually caulescent, rarely subacaulescent to acaulescent, to 50 cm, eglandular and pubescent throughout. Herbs caulescent, to 100 cm, pubescent and glandular on adaxial leaflet surfaces, rarely calyx lobes, stipules, or bracts eglandular.
Stems

erect, usually unbranched, sometimes branched basally, leaves dispersed along stem and arising nearly perpendicular to it;

pseudoscapes 0.5–2 cm;

cataphylls 0.5–15 mm, striate.

usually prostrate, rarely decumbent, often branched from base, rarely distally, leaves dispersed uniformly along stems;

pseudoscapes to 10 cm (when present);

cataphylls to 15 mm.

Leaves

palmately (3–)5-foliolate;

stipules persistent, broadly lanceolate proximally to linear-lanceolate distally, 10–20 × 2–8 mm, stramineous basally, eglandular, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect;

petiole not jointed basally, (2–)30–100(–150) mm;

petiolules 1.5–4 mm;

leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2–4(–6) × 0.7–2.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, apex broadly acute to rounded or retuse, surfaces abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrate except on midvein.

usually pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely reduced to phyllodes;

stipules persistent, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3–6.5 × 1–2 mm, glabrate except along margin;

petiole swollen or not, not jointed, ribbed, not canaliculate, 9–90 mm, pubescent;

petiolules 1–1.5 mm;

leaflet blades lanceolate to rhombic or orbiculate (sometimes dimorphically so), 0.9–5 × 0.6–3 cm, base attenuate, apex broadly acute to rounded, surfaces abaxially glandular and pubescent to glabrate, adaxially pubescent or glabrous.

Inflorescences

persistent (not disjointing at base of peduncle in fruit), elliptic to oblong;

rachis 1.6–7 cm, elongating slightly in fruit, nodes (6–)8–15, (2 or)3 flowers per node;

bracts persistent, oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–15 × (0.5–)4–9 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect.

persistent, subcapitate, globose to ovoid;

rachis 0.3–1 cm, nodes 1–6, 3 flowers per node, internodes to 5 mm;

bracts persistent, lanceolate to spatulate, 1–3 × 0.5–1.5 mm, pubescent abaxially.

Peduncles

(0.5–)5–12(–15) cm, shorter than subtending petiole, pilose.

0.8–8.5(–10) cm, longer than subtending petiole, appressed-spreading pubescent to glabrate.

Pedicels

1–3 mm.

1–2 mm.

Flowers

12–20 mm;

calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 13–16 mm abaxially, 12–14 mm adaxially, eglandular, pubescent;

tube 5–6 mm;

lobes linear or linear-lanceolate to elliptic, abaxial 7.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, adaxial 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm;

corolla violet to blue-purple, banner sometimes paler, oblanceolate, 17–18 × 6 mm with claw 7–8 mm, wings 15–16.5 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm, keel 12–12.5 × 3 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm;

filaments 11–14 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm;

ovary pubescent apically, style glabrous apically.

(5–)7.5–11 mm;

calyx gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 4.5–6.5 mm abaxially, 4.5–6 mm adaxially, eglandular, strigose;

tube 2.5–3.5 mm;

lobes lanceolate, abaxial 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, adaxial 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm;

corolla usually brick red to salmon-pink, rarely white, banner oblanceolate or rhombic, emarginate, 7.5–10 × 4–5 mm with claw 2.5 mm, wings 7–10 × 2–2.5 mm with claw 2.5–3 mm, keel 5–7.5 × 2–2.5 mm with claw 2.5–3 mm;

filaments 6–7 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm;

ovary glabrous, except pubescent apically, style hairy.

Legumes

oblong, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, eglandular, pubescent, beak 9–13(–16) mm, exserted beyond calyx.

globose, 4.5–5 × 3–4 mm, eglandular, pubescent distally, abruptly narrowing to a beak 6–8 mm, exserted beyond calyx.

Seed

brown, reniform, 4 × 3 mm, somewhat rugose.

gray-green to brown, often mottled black, lenticular, 4 × 3–3.5 mm;

hilum surrounded by raised, white ridge.

2n

= 22.

= 22.

Pediomelum esculentum

Pediomelum rhombifolium

Phenology Flowering late spring–summer. Flowering summer.
Habitat Prairies, grasslands, open pine woodlands. Grasslands, woodland commu­nities.
Elevation 500–2000 m. (1600–6600 ft.) 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY; AB; MB; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; LA; OK; TX; Mexico
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Pediomelum esculentum was once one of the main sources of starch for Native American tribes of the Great Plains, eaten fresh, boiled, dried, or ground into flour and used as a thickening agent. Use of the root for food and barter was documented by Lewis and Clark on their historic expedition across the United States (Mer. Lewis and W. Clark 2003).

Pediomelum esculentum ranges in morphology from strongly caulescent to acaulescent with no apparent geographical structuring in this most widespread species. J. W. Grimes (1990) placed this species in subg. Pediomelum due to its persistent inflorescences. Molecular phylogenetic and network analyses suggest a split affinity for P. esculentum between both subgenera, suggesting that this may be an intermediate form and bridge between his subgenera or the groupings suggested by D. J. Ockendon (1965) based on habit—groupings somewhat supported by molecular phylogenies (A. N. Egan and K. A. Crandall 2008, 2008b).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Pediomelum rhombifolium is widespread in Texas, with isolated collections in Mexico. It is morphologically variable, particularly in leaflet shape and size, and petiole and peduncle lengths and ratio thereof. Along with P. palmeri, P. rhombifolium is distinct from its congeners in its creeping, prostrate habit. The salmon or brick red corollas are unique within the genus.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum
Sibling taxa
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. esculentum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
Synonyms Psoralea esculenta Psoralea rhombifolia, P. coryi
Name authority (Pursh) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 20. (1919) (Torrey & A. Gray) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 23. (1919)
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