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Indian breadroot, large Indian breadroot, prairie turnip

turniproot

Habit Herbs usually caulescent, rarely subacaulescent to acaulescent, to 50 cm, eglandular and pubescent throughout. Herbs caulescent, to 100 cm, mostly glandular throughout, strigose, sometimes becoming glabrate.
Stems

erect, usually unbranched, sometimes branched basally, leaves dispersed along stem and arising nearly perpendicular to it;

pseudoscapes 0.5–2 cm;

cataphylls 0.5–15 mm, striate.

1, erect, slender, usually unbranched, rarely branched, leaves sparsely dispersed along stem, proximal ones often caducous;

pseudoscapes to 6 cm (when present);

cataphylls absent or 5–15 mm.

Leaves

palmately (3–)5-foliolate;

stipules persistent, broadly lanceolate proximally to linear-lanceolate distally, 10–20 × 2–8 mm, stramineous basally, eglandular, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect;

petiole not jointed basally, (2–)30–100(–150) mm;

petiolules 1.5–4 mm;

leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2–4(–6) × 0.7–2.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, apex broadly acute to rounded or retuse, surfaces abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrate except on midvein.

palmately 3–5-foliolate, sparse;

stipules tardily deciduous, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6–15 × 0.5–2 mm, glandular, glabrate to densely pubescent, at least basally;

petiole sometimes swollen but not jointed basally, slightly canaliculate, 7–60 mm, strigose;

petiolules 2–3 mm;

leaflet blades narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic, 3.5–9.5 × 1.3–8 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse-acuminate, surfaces abaxially glandular and glabrous or pubescent, adaxially glabrous.

Inflorescences

persistent (not disjointing at base of peduncle in fruit), elliptic to oblong;

rachis 1.6–7 cm, elongating slightly in fruit, nodes (6–)8–15, (2 or)3 flowers per node;

bracts persistent, oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–15 × (0.5–)4–9 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect.

persistent, oblong to elliptic;

rachis 1.5–7 cm, nodes 3–15, 2 or 3 flowers per node, internodes elongating to 15 mm in fruit;

bracts persistent or tardily deciduous, mostly oblanceolate to obovate, 4–9 × 1.5–4 mm, glabrate to pubescent.

Peduncles

(0.5–)5–12(–15) cm, shorter than subtending petiole, pilose.

2.5–7.5 cm, longer than subtending petiole, strigose.

Pedicels

1–3 mm.

1.5–2 mm.

Flowers

12–20 mm;

calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 13–16 mm abaxially, 12–14 mm adaxially, eglandular, pubescent;

tube 5–6 mm;

lobes linear or linear-lanceolate to elliptic, abaxial 7.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, adaxial 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm;

corolla violet to blue-purple, banner sometimes paler, oblanceolate, 17–18 × 6 mm with claw 7–8 mm, wings 15–16.5 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm, keel 12–12.5 × 3 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm;

filaments 11–14 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm;

ovary pubescent apically, style glabrous apically.

12–18 mm;

calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 7.5–12 mm abaxially, 6–10 mm adaxially, glandular, pubescent;

tube 4–4.5 mm;

abaxial lobe lanceolate to elliptic, 3.5–7.5 × 1.5–3 mm, adaxial lobes linear-lanceolate, 2.5–3 × 1 mm;

corolla pale blue to lavender, banner narrowly oblanceolate, 12–15.5 × 6–7 mm with claw 4–5 mm, wings 11–14 × 2–3 mm with claw 5–6 mm, keel 8–11 × 2.5–3 mm with claw 2.5–3 mm;

filaments 9–11 mm;

anthers elliptic, 0.5–0.6 mm;

ovary glabrous or pubescent on distal 1/4, style pubescent basally.

Legumes

oblong, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, eglandular, pubescent, beak 9–13(–16) mm, exserted beyond calyx.

globose-ovoid, 5–6 × 3.5–5 mm, glandular, pubescent apically, beak 2–4 mm, shorter than calyx.

Seed

brown, reniform, 4 × 3 mm, somewhat rugose.

brown, reniform to globose, 3–3.5 × 4–4.5 mm.

2n

= 22.

= 22.

Pediomelum esculentum

Pediomelum cyphocalyx

Phenology Flowering late spring–summer. Flowering spring–summer.
Habitat Prairies, grasslands, open pine woodlands. Shallow, limestone soils, hillsides, rock outcrops, open woodlands.
Elevation 500–2000 m. (1600–6600 ft.) 200–500 m. (700–1600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY; AB; MB; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
TX
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Pediomelum esculentum was once one of the main sources of starch for Native American tribes of the Great Plains, eaten fresh, boiled, dried, or ground into flour and used as a thickening agent. Use of the root for food and barter was documented by Lewis and Clark on their historic expedition across the United States (Mer. Lewis and W. Clark 2003).

Pediomelum esculentum ranges in morphology from strongly caulescent to acaulescent with no apparent geographical structuring in this most widespread species. J. W. Grimes (1990) placed this species in subg. Pediomelum due to its persistent inflorescences. Molecular phylogenetic and network analyses suggest a split affinity for P. esculentum between both subgenera, suggesting that this may be an intermediate form and bridge between his subgenera or the groupings suggested by D. J. Ockendon (1965) based on habit—groupings somewhat supported by molecular phylogenies (A. N. Egan and K. A. Crandall 2008, 2008b).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Pediomelum cyphocalyx is infrequently found in a narrow range along the southern to southeastern edge of the Edwards Plateau in Texas. It is distinguished from its congeners in the area by its narrow leaflets and slender, erect habit.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum
Sibling taxa
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. cyphocalyx, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
P. argophyllum, P. aromaticum, P. californicum, P. canescens, P. castoreum, P. cuspidatum, P. digitatum, P. epipsilum, P. esculentum, P. humile, P. hypogaeum, P. latestipulatum, P. linearifolium, P. megalanthum, P. mephiticum, P. palmeri, P. pariense, P. pentaphyllum, P. piedmontanum, P. reverchonii, P. rhombifolium, P. subacaule, P. tenuiflorum, P. verdiense
Synonyms Psoralea esculenta Psoralea cyphocalyx
Name authority (Pursh) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 20. (1919) (A. Gray) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 19. (1919)
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