Pediomelum esculentum |
Pediomelum latestipulatum |
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Indian breadroot, large Indian breadroot, prairie turnip |
Texas plains Indian breadroot |
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Habit | Herbs usually caulescent, rarely subacaulescent to acaulescent, to 50 cm, eglandular and pubescent throughout. | Herbs caulescent, 5–45 cm, mostly glandular throughout and pubescent. | ||||
Stems | erect, usually unbranched, sometimes branched basally, leaves dispersed along stem and arising nearly perpendicular to it; pseudoscapes 0.5–2 cm; cataphylls 0.5–15 mm, striate. |
1, erect, usually unbranched, rarely branched, leaves dispersed along stem from middle; pseudoscapes absent or to 8 cm; cataphylls 5–12 mm, sometimes sparsely pubescent. |
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Leaves | palmately (3–)5-foliolate; stipules persistent, broadly lanceolate proximally to linear-lanceolate distally, 10–20 × 2–8 mm, stramineous basally, eglandular, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect; petiole not jointed basally, (2–)30–100(–150) mm; petiolules 1.5–4 mm; leaflet blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 2–4(–6) × 0.7–2.3 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, apex broadly acute to rounded or retuse, surfaces abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrate except on midvein. |
palmately 5–7-foliolate; stipules persistent, narrowly lanceolate to suborbiculate, 8–15 × 2.5–7 mm, glandular, sparsely pubescent; petiole not swollen or jointed basally, not canaliculate, 27–100 mm, strigose; petiolules 1.5–2.5 mm; leaflet blades oblanceolate to elliptic, 2–4.4 × 0.5–1.4 cm, base cuneate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glandular, abaxially pubescent, especially along veins and margins, adaxially glabrous. |
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Inflorescences | persistent (not disjointing at base of peduncle in fruit), elliptic to oblong; rachis 1.6–7 cm, elongating slightly in fruit, nodes (6–)8–15, (2 or)3 flowers per node; bracts persistent, oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–15 × (0.5–)4–9 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs semi-erect. |
persistent, ovoid to ellipsoid; rachis 0.6–4.2 cm, nodes 4–12, 2 or 3 flowers per node, internodes to 7 mm; bracts persistent, elliptic to spatulate, or ovate, or oblanceolate to orbiculate, 6–11 × 2–8 mm, glandular, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
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Peduncles | (0.5–)5–12(–15) cm, shorter than subtending petiole, pilose. |
1.3–4.8 cm, shorter than or slightly longer than subtending petiole, pubescent. |
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Pedicels | 1–3 mm. |
2–3 mm. |
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Flowers | 12–20 mm; calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 13–16 mm abaxially, 12–14 mm adaxially, eglandular, pubescent; tube 5–6 mm; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate to elliptic, abaxial 7.5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, adaxial 4–7 × 1–1.5 mm; corolla violet to blue-purple, banner sometimes paler, oblanceolate, 17–18 × 6 mm with claw 7–8 mm, wings 15–16.5 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm, keel 12–12.5 × 3 mm with claw 6–6.5 mm; filaments 11–14 mm; anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm; ovary pubescent apically, style glabrous apically. |
18–26 mm; calyx strongly gibbous-campanulate in fruit, 12–19 mm abaxially, 10–15 mm adaxially, glandular and sparsely pubescent distally; tube 6–8 mm; lobes linear-lanceolate, abaxial 4.5–7.5 × 1.5–2 mm, adaxial 3–6 × 1–1.5 mm; corolla blue to purple, banner broadly oblanceolate to obovate, 16–25 × 6–9 mm with claw 7–10 mm, wings 15–20 × 2.5–4 mm with claw 6–9 mm, keel 12–16 × 3–3.5 mm with claw 6–9 mm; filaments 11–16 mm; anthers elliptic, 0.7–0.8 mm; ovary glabrous, style glabrous. |
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Legumes | oblong, 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, eglandular, pubescent, beak 9–13(–16) mm, exserted beyond calyx. |
ovoid, 5–6.5 × 4–4.5 mm, glandular, glabrous, beak 5.5–6 mm, slightly shorter to slightly longer than calyx. |
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Seed | brown, reniform, 4 × 3 mm, somewhat rugose. |
dark green to olive green, reniform, 4 × 5 mm. |
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2n | = 22. |
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Pediomelum esculentum |
Pediomelum latestipulatum |
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Phenology | Flowering late spring–summer. | |||||
Habitat | Prairies, grasslands, open pine woodlands. | |||||
Elevation | 500–2000 m. (1600–6600 ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY; AB; MB; SK
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Texas |
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Discussion | Pediomelum esculentum was once one of the main sources of starch for Native American tribes of the Great Plains, eaten fresh, boiled, dried, or ground into flour and used as a thickening agent. Use of the root for food and barter was documented by Lewis and Clark on their historic expedition across the United States (Mer. Lewis and W. Clark 2003). Pediomelum esculentum ranges in morphology from strongly caulescent to acaulescent with no apparent geographical structuring in this most widespread species. J. W. Grimes (1990) placed this species in subg. Pediomelum due to its persistent inflorescences. Molecular phylogenetic and network analyses suggest a split affinity for P. esculentum between both subgenera, suggesting that this may be an intermediate form and bridge between his subgenera or the groupings suggested by D. J. Ockendon (1965) based on habit—groupings somewhat supported by molecular phylogenies (A. N. Egan and K. A. Crandall 2008, 2008b). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. | ||||
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Pediomelum | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Psoralea esculenta | Psoralea latestipulata | ||||
Name authority | (Pursh) Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al.: N. Amer. Fl. 24: 20. (1919) | (Shinners) Mahler: Sida 12: 250. (1987) | ||||
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