Agalinis
Orobanchaceae
false foxglove
broom-rape family
erect, rarely leaning, rarely fleshy, glabrous, hispid, scabrous, scabridulous, glabrate, sericeous, or papillate.
subterranean or aerial;
aerial stems prostrate to decumbent, ascending, or erect [viny].
cauline, opposite or subopposite, rarely alternate (A. filifolia);
petiole absent;
blade not leathery, rigid, rarely fleshy, margins entire, rarely proximally cleft, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid.
deciduous, cauline or basal and cauline, rarely basal only or absent, sometimes scales, opposite, alternate, whorled, or spiral, simple;
stipules absent;
petiole present or absent;
blade usually not fleshy or leathery, rarely fleshy, leathery, or chartaceous, margins entire, toothed, or lobed.
terminal, racemes or panicles, rarely racemiform or spikelike;
bracts present.
terminal and/or axillary, racemes, panicles, spikes, corymbs, or flowers 1 or 2.
present;
bracteoles absent.
sepals 5, calyx radially, rarely bilaterally, symmetric, campanulate to hemispheric, turbinate, or funnelform, lobes obtusely to acutely subulate or deltate, acute- to acuminate-triangular, or lanceolate;
petals 5, corolla pale pink to rose purple or purple, rarely white, throats usually with 2 abaxial yellow lines and red spots within, bilabiate, funnelform to campanulate, abaxial throat gibbous, rounded, or straight, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2;
stamens 4, didynamous;
filaments glabrate to lanate;
staminode 0;
ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;
stigma linear, rarely 2-lobed (A. neoscotica).
bisexual, perianth and androecium hypogynous;
sepals (0 or)2–5(–8), connate, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric;
petals [4 or]5, connate, corolla bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate or strongly bilabiate, tubular, funnelform, campanulate, salverform, or club-shaped, sometimes cylindric, subrotate, or curved;
stamens (2 or)4, adnate to corolla tube, didynamous, subequal, or equal, staminodes 0 or 2;
pistil 1, 2[or 3]-carpellate, ovary superior, 1- or 2-locular, placentation axile, sometimes parietal;
ovules anatropous or campylotropous-like (Rhinanthus), unitegmic, tenuinucellate;
style 1;
stigma 1.
capsules, dehiscence loculicidal and/or septicidal or indehiscent (Conopholis).
dehiscence loculicidal.
60–600, yellow, tan, brown, or black, angled, wings absent.
1–2500(–5000), brown or black, sometimes tan, white, yellow, amber, or gray, ovoid to ellipsoid, reniform, globular, oblong, or angled;
embryo straight, endosperm present.
= 13.
Agalinis
Orobanchaceae
Species ca. 60 (34 in the flora).
F. W. Pennell (1929, 1935) placed Agalinis auriculata and A. densiflora in Tomanthera based on their retrorsely hispid stems, calyx lobes longer than the tube, leaf blades lanceolate to ovate and lobed, anthers of the proximal pair of stamens shorter than anthers of the distal pair, and absence of yellow lines in the corolla. With the exception of hispid stems, these characteristics occur in other species of Agalinis and/or do not occur with regularity in both A. auriculata and A. densiflora.
Agalinis is an attractive component of the fall flora; corollas last less than a day, usually falling in early afternoon. Some species of Agalinis darken when dried, some turning nearly black. The stem leaves of some species produce axillary fascicles. Some have incrustations of silica, which appear as smooth, gray or whitish, marbled patches or striations on leaves and stems. Siliceous hairs are also common.
For descriptions presented here, corolla length is the distance from the base of the sinus between the abaxial calyx lobes to the apex of the extended (not reflexed) mid abaxial corolla lobe. Corolla throat is the flared portion of the corolla between the cylindrical tube, which is held within the calyx, and the bases of the corolla lobes. Because the delicate corollas are easily distorted by pressing, it is particularly useful to note in the field whether the adaxial corolla lobes are reflexed or project flatly forward or arch forward, whether the two adaxial lobes are obviously shorter than the three abaxial lobes, and whether the adaxial side of the corolla throat is shorter than, or about equal to, the abaxial side of the throat. The interior of the distal corolla throat at the bases of the adaxial corolla lobes should be examined for a band of relatively long hairs.
Molecular phylogenetic studies support monophyly for 24 of the 29 taxa investigated (J. B. Pettengill and M. C. Neel 2008). Agalinis acuta was not differentiated from A. decemloba by molecular or morphological data (Pettengill and Neel 2008, 2011); A. decemloba includes A. acuta as treated here. Agalinis paupercula clustered with A. purpurea in molecular phylogenetic analyses and is treated here as a variety of A. purpurea. Agalinis tenella clustered with A. decemloba; A. tenella is treated here as a species based on morphological data.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Genera ca. 100, species ca. 2000 (27 genera, 292 species in the flora).
Orobanchaceae are now defined to include both the holoparasitic members traditionally included in the family (A. Cronquist 1981) and the hemiparasitic genera formerly included in Scrophulariaceae. Although multiple research groups focus on members of the Orobanchaceae, a widely accepted infrafamilial classification of the family in the sense of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) has not yet appeared.
The classification by J. R. McNeal et al. (2013), who found that Orobanchaceae comprise six clades, is followed herein (their named clades are roughly equivalent to tribes). The autotrophic Lindenbergia Lehmann (12 species in the Old World) corresponds to the basal clade sister to the rest of the clades. Species in our region are distributed among the remaining five clades: Cymbarieae D. Don (genus 1), Orobancheae Lamarck & de Candolle (genera 2–6), Rhinantheae Lamarck & de Candolle (genera 7–12), Buchnereae Bentham (genera 13 and 14), and Pedicularideae Duby (genera 15–27). Within the family, genera are arranged alphabetically within tribes, or within Pedicularideae, in subgroups within the tribe.
Parasitic plants attach to their hosts via haustoria (L. J. Irving and D. D. Cameron 2009). Haustoria are produced by both hemiparasitic and holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (E. Fischer 2004). In hemiparasitic taxa, haustoria usually tap their host’s xylem, mostly taking up water, mineral nutrients, and nitrogen from their host, and sometimes also carbon. Holoparasitic taxa derive all of their growth requirements predominantly from the host’s phloem (Irving and Cameron).
Parasitism has evolved once in the family (N. D. Young et al. 1999; J. R. McNeal et al. 2013); holoparasitism has arisen independently three times from the hemiparasitic condition (J. R. Bennett and S. Mathews 2006; McNeal et al.).
Some Orobanchaceae are serious pests, primarily on legume and grain crops in warmer and drier areas, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Striga is a particularly serious pest that parasitizes mostly monocots; S. gesnerioides attacks eudicots (K. I. Mohamed et al. 2006). Orobanche parasitizes eudicot crops primarily in temperate parts of the world (E. S. Teryokhin 1997). All Striga species and non-native species of Orobanche in the flora area are listed on the Federal Noxious Weed List (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/weedlist.pdf) in the United States.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Bracts longer than pedicels. | → 2 |
2. Leaf blade margins entire or mid to distal with 1 or 2 proximal lobes, or pinnatifid distally or 2-pinnatifid; bract margins pinnatifid or with proximal lobes; branches retrorsely short-sericeous and hispid; calyx lobes (5–)7–13 mm. | → 3 |
3. Calyx tubes hirsute; leaf blades lanceolate, margins entire or mid to distal with 1 or 2 proximal lobes. | A. auriculata |
3. Calyx tubes densely, finely scabridulous and hispid; leaf blades triangular-ovate, margins pinnatifid distally or 2-pinnatifid. | A. densiflora |
2. Leaf blade margins entire, rarely proximalmost 3-cleft; bract margins entire; branches glabrous, glabrate, or scabridulous to scabrous; calyx lobes 0.2–8 mm. | → 4 |
4. Leaf blades fleshy, adaxial surfaces with sessile, dome-shaped hairs. | → 5 |
5. Calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2.7–7 mm; abaxial corolla lobes glabrous externally; capsules obovoid to oblong, 10–12 mm. | A. calycina |
5. Calyx lobes deltate, 0.5–2 mm; abaxial corolla lobes pilose externally; capsules subglobular to globular, 5–7 mm. | → 6 |
6. Stems 70–160 cm, (perennials); corollas 25–35 mm, lobes 6–14 mm; styles 15–28 mm; pedicels 5–25 mm. | A. linifolia |
6. Stems 5–75 cm, (annuals); corollas 7.5–21 mm, lobes 2.5–6 mm; styles 6–13 mm; pedicels 2.5–11 mm. | A. maritima |
4. Leaf blades not fleshy, adaxial surfaces scabridulous to scabrous. | → 7 |
7. Corollas: abaxial lobes glabrous externally; capsules ovoid-oblong; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate. | → 8 |
8. Leaves: blades linear to filiform, 0.4–1.5(–2) mm wide, surfaces scabrous; axillary fascicles well developed; pedicels 4–20 mm. | A. aspera |
8. Leaves: blades narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes proximalmost 3-cleft, 2–6(–7) mm wide, surfaces scabridulous to slightly scabrous; axillary fascicles absent, rarely present; pedicels 1–5(–6) mm. | A. heterophylla |
7. Corollas: abaxial lobes pilose externally; capsules globular; calyx lobes deltate-subulate, triangular, or triangular-subulate, rarely lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate. | → 9 |
9. Pedicels 6–25 mm; corollas: adaxial lobes projected over distal anthers, throats glabrous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes. | A. tenuifolia |
9. Pedicels 0.5–8 mm; corollas: adaxial lobes spreading, erect, or reflexed-spreading, rarely projected distal to corolla mouth, throats villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes. | → 10 |
10. Calyx lobes deltate-subulate, 0.2–1 mm; leaf blades filiform, 0.2–0.8 mm wide; inflorescences racemiform, with pseudoterminal flowers. | A. plukenetii |
10. Calyx lobes triangular, triangular-subulate, triangular-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 0.6–4(–5) mm; leaf blades +/- linear to linear-filiform, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic to elliptic, 0.4–5 mm wide; inflorescences racemes. | → 11 |
11. Leaf blades linear-elliptic to elliptic; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate; styles included; stems 5–30(–47) cm. | A. neoscotica |
11. Leaf blades +/- linear to linear-filiform or linear-lanceolate; calyx lobes triangular to triangular-subulate or lanceolate; styles exserted, rarely included; stems (7–)20–200 cm. | → 12 |
12. Leaves: axillary fascicles well developed, shorter than or equal to subtending leaves; branches moderately to often copiously scabrous or scabridulous on faces and angles. | → 13 |
13. Corollas 22–36 mm, lobes 5–12 mm; leaf blades 15–40(–50) mm; styles 14–22 mm, strongly exserted; stems (10–)50–200 cm. | A. fasciculata |
13. Corollas 12–14 mm, lobes 3–5 mm; leaf blades 10–15(–20) mm; styles 4–7.7 mm, included or slightly exserted; stems 20–40(–50) cm. | A. georgiana |
12. Leaves: axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves; branches glabrous, glabrate, or scabridulous to sparsely scabrous. | → 14 |
14. Branches ascending, slightly quadrangular-ridged distally; leaf blades linear to linear-filiform, 0.5–1.4 mm wide; calyx lobes triangular-subulate, keeled; seeds black. | A. harperi |
14. Branches ascending, spreading, or arching, quadrangular-ridged or winged distally; leaf blades narrowly linear, linear, or linear-lanceolate, 0.5–4(–5) mm wide; calyx lobes triangular, lanceolate, or triangular-subulate, not keeled; seeds dark brown. | A. purpurea |
1. Bracts shorter than, sometimes equal to, pedicels. | → 15 |
15. Leaves slightly divergent or appressed to strongly ascending, blades subulate to narrowly triangular, 0.5–3 mm. | → 16 |
16. Inflorescences racemes, sometimes with 1–3 mm, floriferous axillary branches; pedicels 1–3(–4) mm; branches stiffly ascending, quadrangular; corolla throats pilose externally. | A. aphylla |
16. Inflorescences paniculate with solitary flowers; pedicels 3–10(–12) mm; branches widely and laxly spreading, nearly terete; corolla throats glabrous externally. | A. filicaulis |
15. Leaves erect, erect-ascending, ascending, spreading-ascending, recurved, spreading, arching, or reflexed, rarely appressed or ascending-appressed, blades subulate, filiform, linear, linear-filiform, linear-spatulate, linear-elliptic, linear-lanceolate, elliptic, spatulate, or lanceolate, (1–)4–70 mm. | → 17 |
17. Abaxial corolla lobes pilose externally. | → 18 |
18. Leaves (alternate, blades fleshy), axillary fascicles equal to or longer than subtending leaves. | A. filifolia |
18. Leaves (opposite, blades not fleshy), axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. | → 19 |
19. Corollas: adaxial lobes projected over distal anthers, throats glabrous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes; leaf blades narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate; capsules globular; seeds tan to brown. | A. tenuifolia |
19. Corollas: adaxial lobes recurved, reflexed, or reflexed-spreading, throats villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes; leaf blades filiform to narrowly linear; capsules elliptic-ovate or globular-ovoid; seeds black or yellowish tan. | → 20 |
20. Inflorescences racemes, sometimes interrupted by short floriferous branches, flowers 2 per node; capsules elliptic-ovate. | A. setacea |
20. Inflorescences racemiform or racemose-paniculate, flowers 1 per node; capsules globular-ovoid. | → 21 |
21. Calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate; branches spreading-ascending; seeds yellowish tan; pedicels spreading-ascending. | A. gattingeri |
21. Calyx lobes deltate-subulate; branches widely and laxly ascending; seeds black; pedicels widely spreading. | A. laxa |
17. Abaxial corolla lobes glabrous externally. | → 22 |
22. Pedicels scabrous; leaves: axillary fascicles usually 1/2+ length of subtending leaves, sometimes absent. | → 23 |
23. Corollas: lobes unequal, 2–6 mm, adaxial arched over anthers; calyx lobes triangular-subulate, recurved, 0.6–1.5 mm. | A. homalantha |
23. Corollas: lobes equal, 6–12 mm, adaxial spreading; calyx lobes subulate, erect, 0.1–0.6 mm. | A. pulchella |
22. Pedicels glabrous or +/- scabridulous; leaves: axillary fascicles absent or shorter than subtending leaves. | → 24 |
24. Corolla throats glabrous externally, sometimes pilose externally proximal to sinuses. | → 25 |
25. Calyces: tubes 1.5–3 mm, lobes 0.1–0.5 mm, deltate; capsules 3–5 mm; styles 6–9(–10) mm; branches widely spreading. | A. divaricata |
25. Calyces: tubes 3–5.5 mm, lobes 0.4–2.5 mm, triangular-subulate to subulate or triangular-lanceolate; capsules 5–8 mm; styles 12–17 mm; branches ascending-spreading. | → 26 |
26. Leaf blades filiform to narrowly linear; corollas: lobes unequal, adaxial arched over anthers; calyx lobes triangular-subulate to subulate, 0.4–0.8(–1.3) mm. | A. edwardsiana |
26. Leaf blades linear; corollas: lobes equal, adaxial erect to spreading; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate, 0.8–2.5 mm. | A. strictifolia |
24. Corolla throats pilose externally. | → 27 |
27. Leaves: proximal and mid reflexed or recurved, distal spreading; anthers 2–3.8 mm; styles 11–16.5 mm; corolla throats glabrous within across bases of adaxial lobes, sparsely villous at sinus. | → 28 |
28. Calyces hemispheric-campanulate; inflorescences racemes; corollas 17–30 mm. | A. caddoensis |
28. Calyces funnelform-obconic; inflorescences racemiform-paniculate; corollas 15–24 mm. | A. navasotensis |
27. Leaves erect, erect-ascending, ascending-appressed, spreading, or spreading-ascending; anthers 0.6–2.6 mm; styles 3–12 mm; corolla throats villous within across bases and sinus of adaxial lobes. | → 29 |
29. Branches stiffly arching-ascending, ascending, erect-ascending, or spreading-ascending, quadrangular; capsules globular to oblong; leaves erect to erect-ascending, or ascending, or proximal slightly spreading, distal sometimes ascending-appressed. | → 30 |
30. Leaf blades subulate, elliptic, or filiform; anthers 1.8–2.6 mm; corollas 15–25 mm, pink to dark pink, with 2 yellow lines and red spots present in abaxial throat, lobes 4–7(–9) mm. | A. oligophylla |
30. Leaf blades linear-elliptic, narrowly spatulate, linear-spatulate, or linear; anthers 0.6–2.1 mm; corollas 8–16(–17) mm, whitish to pink, with 2 yellow lines and red or pink spots pale or absent in abaxial throat, lobes 3–5 mm. | → 31 |
31. Calyx lobes deltate, 0.2–0.5 mm; leaf blades linear-elliptic to narrowly spatulate; anthers 1.5–2.1 mm; stems 30–80(–100) cm. | A. obtusifolia |
31. Calyx lobes triangular-subulate, 0.3–1.2 mm; leaf blades linear; anthers 0.6–1.2 mm; stems 10–50(–60) cm. | A. skinneriana |
29. Branches: proximal arching upward, others spreading-ascending to laxly and widely spreading, subterete to quadrangular-ridged; capsules ovoid, obovoid-oblong, ovoid-globular, or obovoid; leaves spreading to spreading-ascending. | → 32 |
32. Calyx lobes subulate to triangular or lanceolate, (0.2–)0.5–2.5 mm. | → 33 |
33. Branches ascending to spreading, quadrangular-ridged; capsules ovoid; calyx lobes subulate to triangular, (0.2–)0.5–1.5(–2) mm; styles (5–)7–12 mm. | A. decemloba |
33. Branches laxly and widely spreading, proximal arching upward, strongly quadrangular; capsules obovoid; calyx lobes lanceolate, 1.3–2.5 mm; styles 3–5 mm. | A. viridis |
32. Calyx lobes deltate-subulate or subulate, 0.2–0.5 mm. | → 34 |
34. Corolla lobes 3–4.5 mm; anthers 1.2–1.8 mm; styles 5–7 mm; leaf blades linear to linear-spatulate; capsules obovoid-oblong; seeds golden brown. | A. flexicaulis |
34. Corolla lobes 4–7.3 mm; anthers 1.7–2.5 mm; styles 7–9 mm; leaf blades filiform to linear-filiform; capsules ovoid-globular; seeds yellow. | A. tenella |
1. Plants holoparasitic, achlorophyllous. | → 2 |
2. Corollas salverform; annuals. | Striga |
2. Corollas short-tubular, tubular, or funnelform; perennials or annuals. | → 3 |
3. Flowers cleistogamous and chasmogamous; petals 5 (appearing as 4); stems absent. | Epifagus |
3. Flowers chasmogamous; petals 5; stems present. | → 4 |
4. Capsules indehiscent; calyces divided abaxially, not divided adaxially; stamens exserted. | Conopholis |
4. Capsules dehiscent; calyces divided roughly uniformly abaxially and adaxially; stamens included. | → 5 |
5. Corollas tinged pink to purple, yellow, or blue, pallid proximally; palatal folds present (longitudinal folds in abaxial side of tube); calyces narrowly campanulate to campanulate; roots short, sometimes coralloid. | Orobanche |
5. Corollas dark red or purple, sometimes yellow; palatal folds absent; calyces cup-shaped; roots absent. | → 6 |
6. Inflorescences dense spikes; pedicels absent, bracteoles absent; corollas short-tubular. | Boschniakia |
6. Inflorescences compact or open racemes; pedicels present, bracteoles present, rarely absent; corollas funnelform. | Kopsiopsis |
1. Plants hemiparasitic, chlorophyllous. | → 7 |
7. Corollas bilabiate, adaxial lips not galeate, cucullate, or beaked. | → 8 |
8. Corollas salverform. | → 9 |
9. Corollas purple, blue-purple, blue, violet, rosy, or white; filaments pilose. | Buchnera |
9. Corollas red, brownish red, or purple, rarely white or yellow; filaments glabrous. | Striga |
8. Corollas tubular, campanulate, or subrotate. | → 10 |
10. Leaves whorled. | Brachystigma |
10. Leaves alternate, opposite, or subopposite. | → 11 |
11. Leaves alternate. | Agalinis |
11. Leaves opposite or subopposite. | → 12 |
12. Corollas pale pink to rose purple or purple, rarely white; leaf blade margins entire, rarely proximally cleft, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid. | Agalinis |
12. Corollas yellow or bright orange; leaf blade margins toothed or irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid, sometimes entire. | → 13 |
13. Corollas bright orange, tubular; stamens equal. | Macranthera |
13. Corollas yellow, campanulate; stamens didynamous, subequal, or equal. | → 14 |
14. Anthers villous. | Aureolaria |
14. Anthers glabrous. | → 15 |
15. Calyx lobes ovate to oblong-ovate; stamens didynamous. | Dasistoma |
15. Calyx lobes linear to lanceolate; stamens equal to subequal. | Seymeria |
7. Corollas strongly bilabiate or bilabiate, adaxial lips galeate, cucullate, or beaked. | → 16 |
16. Perennials, caudices woody or fleshy. | → 17 |
17. Bracteoles present; sepals 5. | Schwalbea |
17. Bracteoles absent; sepals 2, 4, or 5. | → 18 |
18. Cauline leaves decussate. | Bartsia |
18. Cauline leaves alternate, rarely whorled. | → 19 |
19. Pollen sacs equal; corollas: adaxial lips sometimes with an upcurved or coiled beak. | Pedicularis |
19. Pollen sacs unequal; corollas: adaxial lips straight, rarely hooked. | Castilleja |
16. Annuals, rarely biennials, caudices absent. | → 20 |
20. Cauline leaves opposite, sometimes subopposite or alternate. | → 21 |
21. Leaf blade margins entire, sometimes margins of distal leaves proximally toothed; calyx lobes subulate; seeds 1–4. | Melampyrum |
21. Leaf blade margins toothed; calyx lobes deltate, triangular, or lanceolate; seeds (2–)10–450. | → 22 |
22. Calyces ovate to suborbiculate, flattened laterally, accrescent in fruit. | Rhinanthus |
22. Calyces tubular to campanulate, not flattened laterally, not accrescent in fruit. | → 23 |
23. Anther mucros unequal; capsule dehiscence septicidal. | Euphrasia |
23. Anther mucros equal or absent; capsule dehiscence loculicidal. | → 24 |
24. Filaments glabrous; inflorescences spikelike racemes. | Bellardia |
24. Filaments papillose; inflorescences unilateral racemes. | Odontites |
20. Cauline leaves alternate, proximals rarely subopposite to opposite. | → 25 |
25. Stamens 2. | → 26 |
26. Leaf blades: margins of proximals 3-lobed, margins of distals entire. | Cordylanthus |
26. Leaf blades: margins entire or pinnately 5–11-lobed. | → 27 |
27. Leaf blade margins entire or pinnately 5- or 7-lobed; pollens sacs approximate, connectives not elongate. | Chloropyron |
27. Leaf blade margins pinnately 8–11-lobed; pollens sacs separate, connectives elongate. | Dicranostegia |
25. Stamens 4. | → 28 |
28. Corollas: adaxial lips ± straight, openings directed forward, rarely beaked, bent, or hooked at tip and openings directed downward; stigmas capitate or 2-lobed. | → 29 |
29. Cauline leaves alternate; pollen sacs 2. | Castilleja |
29. Cauline leaves: proximals usually subopposite to opposite, distals alternate; pollen sacs 1. | Triphysaria |
28. Corollas: adaxial lips rounded at apex, sometimes obscurely so, openings directed downward; stigmas not or slightly expanded. | → 30 |
30. Sepals 4, calyces tubular. | Orthocarpus |
30. Sepals 2, calyces spathelike. | → 31 |
31. Leaf blade margins entire; corollas: middle lobes of abaxial lips not revolute; saline marshes, alkaline flats. | Chloropyron |
31. Leaf blade margins entire or 3–7-lobed; corollas: middle lobes of abaxial lips tightly revolute; sagebrush scrub, chaparral, woodlands, forests. | Cordylanthus |
USDA Plants Database- Local floras:
CA, 
OR - Local Web sites: CalFlora, CalPhotos,
Flora NW, 
PNW Herbaria 
WildflowerSearch
iNaturalist (observations)- LBJ Wildflower Center
- SEINet
- Plants of the World Online
- Encyclopedia of Life
- Wikipedia
- Google Image Search
