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American winter cress, American wintercress rocket, American yellow-rocket, erect-fruit wintercress, winter cress, yellow rocket

Habit Biennials or perennials; usually glabrous, except blade auricles often ciliate.
Stems

(1–)2–6(–10) dm.

Basal leaves

petiole (0.5–)1–7(–15) cm, (rarely ciliate basally);

blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)1.5–6(–11) cm, lobes (0, 1, or) 2–4 (or 5) on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.2–1 cm × 1–5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe 1.5–5 cm × 10–25 mm.

Cauline leaves

blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid (sometimes undivided and margins coarsely toothed or subentire), lateral lobes 1–4, (usually oblong or ovate, rarely lanceolate, to 2 × 1 cm), margins entire, (terminal lobe to 5 × 3 cm, margins usually entire or repand, rarely dentate); conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 8 × 5 mm, margins entire).

Flowers

sepals 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious, (subapically sparsely pubescent or glabrous);

petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate, 5–7(–8) × (1.5–)2–3 mm, base attenuate, apex rounded;

filaments 3–4.5 mm;

anthers 1 mm;

ovules (24–)26–36 per ovary;

gynophore to 0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

erect or ascending, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, terete or subquadrangular, stout, (narrower than fruit).

Fruits

erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete to subquadrangular, (2.5–)3.1–4(–4.5) cm × 1.5–2 mm;

style stout, 0.5–1.2(–2) mm.

Seeds

brown, somewhat plump, ovoid or oblong, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9–1 mm.

2n

= 16.

Barbarea orthoceras

Phenology Flowering Mar–Jul.
Habitat Open grassland, sandbars, scree, alpine meadows, ledges, rocky cliffs, forests, streamsides, railroad embankment, boggy ground, gravel pits, moist grassy slopes
Elevation 0-3400 m (0-11200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT; e Asia; c Asia
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Discussion

M. L. Fernald (1909) reported the southwestern Asian Barbarea plantaginea de Candolle from Alaska, but it is certain that his records were based on plants of B. orthoceras, which is rather rare in New England, where it appears to be restricted to portions of northern Maine and New Hampshire.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 462.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea
Sibling taxa
B. stricta, B. verna, B. vulgaris
Synonyms B. americana, B. orthoceras var. dolichocarpa, Campe orthoceras
Name authority Ledebour: Index Seminum (Dorpat) 2. (1824)
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