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American winter cress, American wintercress rocket, American yellow-rocket, erect-fruit wintercress, winter cress, yellow rocket

bitter winter cress, common winter cress, creasy greens, cress, cressy-greens, garden yellow-rocket, herb Barbara, rocketcress, yellow-rocket

Habit Biennials or perennials; usually glabrous, except blade auricles often ciliate. Biennials or, rarely, perennials; glabrous throughout or margins ciliate.
Stems

(1–)2–6(–10) dm.

(1.5–)2–9(–12) dm.

Basal leaves

petiole (0.5–)1–7(–15) cm, (rarely ciliate basally);

blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)1.5–6(–11) cm, lobes (0, 1, or) 2–4 (or 5) on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.2–1 cm × 1–5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe 1.5–5 cm × 10–25 mm.

petiole (0.5–)2–10(–17) cm;

blade lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)2–8(–10) cm, lobes 1–3(–5) on each side (rarely early ones undivided), lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.3–2(–4) cm × 1–8(–15) mm, sometimes slightly fleshy, margins entire, repand, crenate, or dentate, terminal lobe (ovate or suborbicular), (0.7–)1.5–4.5(–7) cm × (4–)10–30(–50) mm, (surfaces glabrous or margins ciliate).

Cauline leaves

blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid (sometimes undivided and margins coarsely toothed or subentire), lateral lobes 1–4, (usually oblong or ovate, rarely lanceolate, to 2 × 1 cm), margins entire, (terminal lobe to 5 × 3 cm, margins usually entire or repand, rarely dentate); conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 8 × 5 mm, margins entire).

blade ovate or suborbicular (undivided), margins usually coarsely dentate, rarely subentire; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong (to 10 × 5 mm), glabrous.

Flowers

sepals 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious, (subapically sparsely pubescent or glabrous);

petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate, 5–7(–8) × (1.5–)2–3 mm, base attenuate, apex rounded;

filaments 3–4.5 mm;

anthers 1 mm;

ovules (24–)26–36 per ovary;

gynophore to 0.5 mm.

sepals 3–4.5(–5) × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious;

petals yellow, spatulate or oblanceolate, (5–)6–9(–10) × 1.5–2.5(–3.5) mm, base attenuate, apex rounded;

filaments 3–4.5 mm;

anthers 0.7–1.2 mm;

ovules 18–24(–28) per ovary;

gynophore to 0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

erect or ascending, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, terete or subquadrangular, stout, (narrower than fruit).

divaricate to ascending or erect, 3–7 mm, terete or subquadrangular, thickened (narrower than fruit).

Fruits

erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete to subquadrangular, (2.5–)3.1–4(–4.5) cm × 1.5–2 mm;

style stout, 0.5–1.2(–2) mm.

erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete, somewhat compressed, or 4-angled, (0.7–)1.5–3 cm × 1.2–2 mm;

style slender, (1–)1.5–3(–3.5) mm.

Seeds

brown, somewhat plump, ovoid or oblong, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9–1 mm.

dark brown, plump, broadly ovoid to oblong or subglobose, 1.2–1.5 × 1–1.2 mm.

2n

= 16.

= 16.

Barbarea orthoceras

Barbarea vulgaris

Phenology Flowering Mar–Jul. Flowering Apr–Jul.
Habitat Open grassland, sandbars, scree, alpine meadows, ledges, rocky cliffs, forests, streamsides, railroad embankment, boggy ground, gravel pits, moist grassy slopes Waste places, ditches, riverbanks, damp grasslands, roadsides, fields, disturbed sites
Elevation 0-3400 m (0-11200 ft) 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT; e Asia; c Asia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

M. L. Fernald (1909) reported the southwestern Asian Barbarea plantaginea de Candolle from Alaska, but it is certain that his records were based on plants of B. orthoceras, which is rather rare in New England, where it appears to be restricted to portions of northern Maine and New Hampshire.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Barbarea vulgaris, which is sometimes grown as a potherb, is highly variable in length and orientation of fruit and fruiting pedicel, style length, and the division of cauline leaves. Several varieties have been recognized, and they represent some of the many points along one continuum. In my opinion, it is better not to recognize any infraspecific taxa in North America.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 462. FNA vol. 7, p. 461.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea
Sibling taxa
B. stricta, B. verna, B. vulgaris
B. orthoceras, B. stricta, B. verna
Synonyms B. americana, B. orthoceras var. dolichocarpa, Campe orthoceras Erysimum barbarea, B. arcuata, B. vulgaris var. arcuata, Erysimum arcuatum
Name authority Ledebour: Index Seminum (Dorpat) 2. (1824) W. T. Aiton: in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew. 4: 109. (1812)
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