Barbarea orthoceras |
Barbarea verna |
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American winter cress, American wintercress rocket, American yellow-rocket, erect-fruit wintercress, winter cress, yellow rocket |
Belle Isle cress, early winter cress, early winter or Belle Isle or American or land cress, early yellow-rocket, land cress, scurvy cress, scurvygrass, wintercress |
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Habit | Biennials or perennials; usually glabrous, except blade auricles often ciliate. | Biennials or, rarely, perennials; mostly glabrous, except blade auricles ciliate. |
Stems | (1–)2–6(–10) dm. |
(1–)2.5–8 dm. |
Basal leaves | petiole (0.5–)1–7(–15) cm, (rarely ciliate basally); blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)1.5–6(–11) cm, lobes (0, 1, or) 2–4 (or 5) on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.2–1 cm × 1–5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe 1.5–5 cm × 10–25 mm. |
petiole (0.5–)1–6(–8) cm; blade pinnatifid to pinnatisect, 1.5–11 cm, lobes (3–)6–10 on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.4–3 cm × 1–10 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe considerably larger than lateral ones, 1–5 cm × 10–350 mm. |
Cauline leaves | blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid (sometimes undivided and margins coarsely toothed or subentire), lateral lobes 1–4, (usually oblong or ovate, rarely lanceolate, to 2 × 1 cm), margins entire, (terminal lobe to 5 × 3 cm, margins usually entire or repand, rarely dentate); conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 8 × 5 mm, margins entire). |
blade pinnatisect, lateral lobes 1–4, (oblong to lanceolate), margins often entire, rarely coarsely toothed; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 10 × 4 mm, margins entire). |
Flowers | sepals 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious, (subapically sparsely pubescent or glabrous); petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate, 5–7(–8) × (1.5–)2–3 mm, base attenuate, apex rounded; filaments 3–4.5 mm; anthers 1 mm; ovules (24–)26–36 per ovary; gynophore to 0.5 mm. |
sepals 3–5 × 0.7–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious; petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate to spatulate, (5–)6–7(–8.5) × 1.5–3 mm, base cuneate, apex truncate or emarginate; filaments 3–5 mm; anthers 0.8–1.2 mm; ovules (34–)38–48(–52) per ovary; gynophore to 0.3 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | erect or ascending, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, terete or subquadrangular, stout, (narrower than fruit). |
divaricate to ascending, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, terete, stout (almost as broad as fruit). |
Fruits | erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete to subquadrangular, (2.5–)3.1–4(–4.5) cm × 1.5–2 mm; style stout, 0.5–1.2(–2) mm. |
erect to ascending, not appressed to rachis, torulose, subterete to slightly latiseptate, (4.5–)5.3–7(–8) cm × 1.5–2 mm; style stout, 0.2–1(–2) mm. |
Seeds | brown, somewhat plump, ovoid or oblong, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9–1 mm. |
dark brown, somewhat plump, oblong or quadrate, 1.8–2.5 × 1.4–1.6 mm. |
2n | = 16. |
= 16. |
Barbarea orthoceras |
Barbarea verna |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Jul. | Flowering Mar–Jul. |
Habitat | Open grassland, sandbars, scree, alpine meadows, ledges, rocky cliffs, forests, streamsides, railroad embankment, boggy ground, gravel pits, moist grassy slopes | Waste grounds, fields, limestone glades, rocky outcrops, fields, railroad embankments, disturbed sites, roadsides |
Elevation | 0-3400 m (0-11200 ft) | 0-1600 m (0-5200 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT; e Asia; c Asia
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AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; WA; WV; BC; NF; Europe; Asia; n Africa; s Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile), Australia]
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Discussion | M. L. Fernald (1909) reported the southwestern Asian Barbarea plantaginea de Candolle from Alaska, but it is certain that his records were based on plants of B. orthoceras, which is rather rare in New England, where it appears to be restricted to portions of northern Maine and New Hampshire. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 462. | FNA vol. 7, p. 463. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | B. americana, B. orthoceras var. dolichocarpa, Campe orthoceras | Erysimum vernum, B. praecox, Campe verna, Erysimum praecox |
Name authority | Ledebour: Index Seminum (Dorpat) 2. (1824) | (Miller) Ascherson: Fl. Brandenb. 1: 36. (1860) |
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