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southern amaranth, southern water-hemp

Stems

erect, branched, stout to robust, usually 1.5–3 m (occasionally to 9 m!) × 30 cm.

Leaves

petiole 1/3–2/3 length of blade;

blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 10–20 × 1–4 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane, apex acute or long-attenuate to acuminate.

Bracts

of pistillate flowers 1.5–2 mm; of staminate flowers with moderately heavy midribs, 1.5–2 mm.

Inflorescences

mostly terminal, linear spikes to panicles, usually interrupted.

Staminate flowers

tepals 5, inner tepals with moderately prominent, excurrent midribs, equal, 2–2.5 mm, apex subacute to mucronulate;

stamens 5.

Pistillate flowers

tepals absent;

style branches spreading;

stigmas 3–5.

Seeds

reddish brown to dark brown, 1–1.2 mm diam., shiny.

Utricles

stramineous to brown, with 3(–5) longitudinal ridges corresponding to 3–5 style branches, elliptic or obovoid, 1.5–2.5 mm, slightly fleshy, smooth (slightly rugose in herbarium specimens).

Amaranthus australis

Phenology Flowering summer–fall.
Habitat Freshwater and brackish wetland habitats, coastal marshes, swamps, riverbanks, bayous, canals, ditches, estuaries, lakeshores, hammocks
Elevation 0-100 m (0-300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; TN; TX; VA; e Mexico; West Indies; n South America
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Discussion

Plants of Amaranthus australis, a herbaceous annual, can be amazingly tall, with a single hollow main stem, up to 9 m, and the stem base can reach 30 cm in diameter. Large plants may somewhat resemble young trees of Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium, pondcypress.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 4, p. 416.
Parent taxa Amaranthaceae > Amaranthus > subg. Acnida > sect. Acnida
Sibling taxa
A. acanthochiton, A. albus, A. arenicola, A. blitoides, A. blitum, A. californicus, A. cannabinus, A. caudatus, A. crassipes, A. crispus, A. cruentus, A. deflexus, A. dubius, A. fimbriatus, A. floridanus, A. graecizans, A. greggii, A. hybridus, A. hypochondriacus, A. muricatus, A. obcordatus, A. palmeri, A. polygonoides, A. powellii, A. pumilus, A. retroflexus, A. scleropoides, A. spinosus, A. tamaulipensis, A. thunbergii, A. torreyi, A. tricolor, A. tuberculatus, A. viridis, A. viscidulus, A. watsonii, A. wrightii
Synonyms Acnida australis, Acnida alabamensis, Acnida cannabina var. australis, Acnida cuspidata
Name authority (A. Gray) J. D. Sauer: Madroño 13: 15. (1955)
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