The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

buck-bean, false-lupine, golden-banner, golden-pea, thermopsis

slender goldenbanner, slender thermopsis

Habit Herbs, perennial, unarmed, usually rhizomatous. Herbs robust, 3–8 dm, glabrous or sparsely villous.
Stems

erect, ascending, or spreading, glabrate to pubescent.

slender, erect, solitary or clustered, many-branched, from woody rootstock or rhizomes;

branches spreading at 30–70º, moderately to strongly zigzag.

Leaves

alternate, odd-pinnate;

stipules present, usually persistent, ± foliaceous, dimorphic, proximalmost amplexicaul, scarious, and not blade-bearing, distal ones smaller and narrower, subtending leaves;

petiolate;

leaflets 3, stipels absent, subpetiolulate, blade margins entire, not glandular-punctate, surfaces glabrous or pubescent.

stipules persistent, asymmetrically ovate-elliptic, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–3 cm, base cuneate to cordate, apex acuminate;

petiole 2.5–4(–5) cm;

leaflet blades elliptic to obovate or rhombic, 3–6(–8) × 2–3.2 cm, lateral veins 6–9 pairs, conspicuously net-veined abaxially, apex acute, obtuse, or emarginate, surfaces glabrous.

Racemes

7–30-flowered, 12–20(–30) cm;

flowers scattered.

Inflorescences

5–90-flowered, usually terminal, sometimes lateral, racemes;

bracts present, deciduous or persistent, apex acute to acuminate;

bracteoles absent.

Peduncles

4–9(–11) cm;

bracts semipersistent, ovate, 6–8 × 3–5 mm.

Pedicels

6–16 mm, glabrous or sparsely villous.

Flowers

papilionaceous;

calyx campanulate, lobes 5, appearing 4-lobed, subequal, abaxial lobes deltate to lanceolate, adaxial lobe double, broader, slightly longer, apex truncate to emarginate;

corolla yellow, banner widely ovate, shorter than wing and keel petals, apex usually cleft, sometimes emarginate or short-mucronate, claw cuneate to oblong, replicate to reflexed, wings not adnate to keel, often asymmetric, auriculate, ± length of keel, claw narrowly oblong, keel petals usually asymmetric, auriculate, posteriorly fused, without beak, claw narrowly oblong;

stamens 10, distinct, uniform;

anthers dorsifixed;

ovary short-stipitate, oblong, usually longer than style, pubescent, velutinous, villous, or tomentose [villosulous];

style glabrous;

stigma minute.

2–2.3 cm;

calyx 8–10 × 7–8 mm at limb, lobes 2–3 mm, much shorter than tube;

wing petals elliptic, keel petals asymmetrically oblong-elliptic;

ovary sparsely villous;

ovules 9–14.

Fruits

legumes, persistent, stipitate, stipe 2–4 mm, erect, ascending, or divergent, tan to brown, laterally compressed, straight, arcuate, or, rarely, annular, narrowly elliptic, margins straight, or sinuate or lomentaceous from ovule abortion, papery, not elastic, slowly dehiscent, valves separating from apex through both sutures, sericeous, tomentose, velutinous, villous, glabrate, villosulous, or pubescent.

Legumes

irregularly divergent, straight, 3–6 × 0.4–0.6 cm, inconspicuously pubescent.

Seeds

1–16, oblong, elliptic, or reniform; often with minute, membranous rim-aril.

2–8, tan, oblong, 3–4 × 2 mm, short-beaked.

x

= 9.

2n

= 36.

Thermopsis

Thermopsis gracilis

Phenology Flowering (Apr–)May–Jun.
Habitat Mesophytic lower mon­tane evergreen forests.
Elevation 100–1200 m. (300–3900 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; Asia
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 23 (10 in the flora).

Thermia Nuttall is an illegitimate name that pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Thermopsis gracilis is readily distinguished from the closely allopatric T. californica and T. montana by its divergent fruits, spreading branches, and glabrous to sparsely pubescent foliage. The species is most closely related to T. robusta, which also has divergent fruits but which differs in its very robust habit, densely pilose vestiture, and longer calyx lobes.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stipules 0.3–0.8 cm wide, base cuneate, not cordate or clasping.
→ 2
2. Stems from single, woody rootstock; pedicels glabrate, 7–17 mm, at least as long as bracts; legumes inconspicuously appressed-pubescent; racemes terminal or lateral; plants montane, (300–)700–1600 m.
T. fraxinifolia
2. Stems from extensive rhizomes; pedicels villosulous, 4–6 mm, shorter than bracts; legumes densely appressed-pubescent; racemes terminal; plants mostly of piedmont, 300–800 m.
T. mollis
1. Stipules 0.5–6 cm wide, base cordate and/or amplexicaul, sometimes acute.
→ 3
3. Legumes ascending or erect.
→ 4
4. Leaflet blade surfaces densely pubescent; seeds 1–7(–10); stipules 0.7–6 cm wide.
→ 5
5. Herbs (2.5–)3–8(–9) dm; stems slender, from rhizomes; racemes 7–30(–35) cm, 10–40-flowered; legumes ascending; widespread in California.
T. californica
5. Herbs 12–23 dm; stems thick, from woody rootstock; racemes 25–60 cm, 30–90-flowered; legumes erect; Santa Ynez Mountains, California.
T. macrophylla
4. Leaflet blade surfaces sparsely pubescent or glabrous; seeds 6–16; stipules 0.7–2.5 cm wide.
→ 6
6. Herbs 2–8(–10) dm; stems slender; pedicels 3.5–5 mm; calyx 9–11 mm, lobes 3–5 mm; Rocky Mountains northwest to Washington and Oregon coast, Newfoundland and Quebec.
T. montana
6. Herbs 6–18 dm; stems thick; pedicels 2–3 mm; calyx 7–8 mm, lobes 2–3 mm; e, se United States.
T. villosa
3. Legumes divergent.
→ 7
7. Herbs 1.2–3 dm; leaflets 1.7–3.3 × 0.6–2 cm, lateral veins 5–7 pairs; peduncles 1–4 cm; legumes strongly arcuate to annular.
T. rhombifolia
7. Herbs 3–18 dm; leaflets 3–11 × (0.5–)2–6.5 cm, lateral veins 6–12 pairs; peduncles 3–10(–11) cm; legumes straight or arcuate.
→ 8
8. Herbs 8–18 dm; stems thick; leaflet blades 6.5–11 × 2.5–6.5 cm, surfaces tomentose; flowers 1.6–1.8 cm; legumes densely tomentose; Humboldt and Siskiyou counties, California.
T. robusta
8. Herbs 3–8(–9) dm; stems slender; leaflet blades 3–7(–8) × 0.5–3.2 cm, surfaces glabrous or glabrate to puberulent; flowers 2–2.9 cm; legumes inconspicuously pubescent; n California to Yamhill County, Oregon, n, e Rocky Mountains, adjacent Great Plains.
→ 9
9. Branches ascending, weakly to moderately or strongly zigzag; leaflet blades 0.5–2.5 cm wide, apex not emarginate; petioles 1–2.5 cm; legumes usually arcuate or annular, sometimes straight; n, e Rocky Mountains, adjacent Great Plains.
T. divaricarpa
9. Branches spreading, moderately to strongly zigzag; leaflet blades 2–3.2 cm wide, apex sometimes emarginate; petioles 2.5–4(–5) cm; legumes straight; n California, w Oregon.
T. gracilis
Source FNA vol. 11. Author: Billie L. Turner†. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Thermopsis
Sibling taxa
T. californica, T. divaricarpa, T. fraxinifolia, T. macrophylla, T. mollis, T. montana, T. rhombifolia, T. robusta, T. villosa
Subordinate taxa
T. californica, T. divaricarpa, T. fraxinifolia, T. gracilis, T. macrophylla, T. mollis, T. montana, T. rhombifolia, T. robusta, T. villosa
Synonyms Drepilia, Scolobus T. macrophylla var. venosa, T. montana var. venosa
Name authority R. Brown in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton: Hortus Kew. 3: 3. (1811) Howell: Erythea 1: 109. 189
Web links