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owl's-clover, owl-clover

golden-tongue owl-clover, yellow owl's-clover, yellow owl-clover

Habit Herbs, annual; hemiparasitic. Annuals 10–40(–60) cm.
Stems

erect or ascending, not fleshy, glabrous or hairy.

erect to ascending, pubescent and pilose.

Leaves

cauline, alternate;

petiole absent;

blade not fleshy, not leathery, margins entire or 3–7-lobed.

15–50 mm;

blade: proximal margins entire, distal entire or 3-lobed.

Inflorescences

terminal, spikes or racemes;

bracts present.

spikes, (2–)5–20 cm;

bracts 10–20 mm, margins 3-lobed in distal 1/2, proximal resembling distal leaves, midlobe green distally, triangular, 2–3 mm wide, apex acuminate, not cuspidate, lateral lobes narrowly lanceolate.

Pedicels

absent or present;

bracteoles absent.

0 mm.

Flowers

sepals 4, calyx symmetric, tubular, lobes triangular;

petals 5, corolla purple-pink, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate, club-shaped, often gibbous at base of abaxial lip, abaxial lobes 0 or 3, adaxial 2, adaxial lip galeate, rounded at apex, sometimes obscurely so, opening downward;

stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous or hairy;

staminode 0;

ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;

stigma linear, not expanded at apex.

calyx 5–8 mm;

corolla 10–15 mm, longer than bracts, abaxial lip inflated, lobes 3, rounded, adaxial lip golden yellow, 2–4 mm, equal to abaxial, glandular-puberulent, tip minutely hooked, not bearded.

Capsules

dehiscence loculicidal.

5–7 mm, apex retuse.

Seeds

5–35, light to dark brown or yellow, ovoid to reniform or oblong, wings absent.

20–35, yellow or dark brown, ovoid, 1.2–1.5 mm, reticulate, longitudinally ridged.

x

= 7.

2n

= 28.

Orthocarpus

Orthocarpus luteus

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Grasslands, sagebrush scrub, mountain meadows, disturbed grounds.
Elevation (200–)400–3000 m. ((700–)1300–9800 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
w North America
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MN; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 9 (9 in the flora).

Orthocarpus is related to Cordylanthus and can be distinguished by its four-lobed, tubular calyces (D. C. Tank et al. 2009). Some species placed traditionally in Orthocarpus were transferred to Castilleja and Triphysaria by T. I. Chuang and L. R. Heckard (1991).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Orthocarpus luteus can be distinguished by its golden yellow corollas, with minutely hooked tips on adaxial lips. The Ontario population is not native. The Blackfeet used the leaves of O. luteus to dye skins, hair, and feathers red to reddish brown (A. Johnston 1987).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Bract margins 5–7-lobed; pedicels 2–3 mm; corollas: adaxial lips bearded at tip.
O. barbatus
1. Bract margins entire or 3(–5)-lobed; pedicels 0–2 mm; corollas: adaxial lips not bearded at tip.
→ 2
2. Bracts: midlobes ovate or obovate, 4–10 mm wide, apices obtuse, cuspidate.
→ 3
3. Corollas: adaxial lips not hooked at tip.
O. cuspidatus
3. Corollas: adaxial lips notably hooked at tip.
→ 4
4. Corollas 25–30 mm, adaxial lips glabrous, abaxial lobes rounded.
O. pachystachyus
4. Corollas 10–20 mm, adaxial lips puberulent, abaxial lobes triangular.
→ 5
5. Distal leaf margins entire; calyces 5–7 mm; capsules 4–5 mm, apices retuse.
O. imbricatus
5. Distal leaf margins 3–7 lobed; calyces 8–12 mm; capsules 6–7 mm, apices acute.
O. tenuifolius
2. Bracts: midlobes triangular, 0.7–4 mm wide, apices acute or acuminate, not cuspidate.
→ 6
6. Corollas: adaxial lips golden yellow, tips minutely hooked.
O. luteus
6. Corollas: adaxial lips yellow or purple-pink to white, tips notably hooked.
→ 7
7. Distal leaf margins entire; seeds 3–6; corollas: abaxial lips with triangular lobes.
O. tolmiei
7. Distal leaf margins 3-lobed; seeds 10–26; corollas: abaxial lips with lobes 0.
→ 8
8. Bracts: midlobes 3–4 mm wide, lateral lobes narrowly triangular; capsule apices retuse; seeds 10–15.
O. bracteosus
8. Bracts: midlobes 1–2 mm wide, lateral lobes linear; capsule apices cuspidate; seeds 18–26.
O. purpureoalbus
Source FNA vol. 17, p. 680. Author: Kerry A. Barringer. FNA vol. 17, p. 683.
Parent taxa Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae > Orthocarpus
Sibling taxa
O. barbatus, O. bracteosus, O. cuspidatus, O. imbricatus, O. pachystachyus, O. purpureoalbus, O. tenuifolius, O. tolmiei
Subordinate taxa
O. barbatus, O. bracteosus, O. cuspidatus, O. imbricatus, O. luteus, O. pachystachyus, O. purpureoalbus, O. tenuifolius, O. tolmiei
Synonyms O. strictus
Name authority Nuttall: Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 56. (1818) Nuttall: Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 57. (1818)
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