Flora of North America species comparison

The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

Oenothera sect. Calylophus

Onagraceae

evening-primrose family
Habit Herbs perennial, rarely annual, sometimes suffrutescent, caulescent; from a stout to slender taproot. Herbs, annual or perennial, shrubs, or subshrubs, [lianas or trees], terrestrial, amphibious, or aquatic, unarmed, not clonal; often with epidermal oil cells, usually with internal phloem, abundant raphides in vegetative cells.
Stems

decumbent to ascending or erect, branched or unbranched, epidermis gray to brown, ± exfoliating.

erect to decumbent or prostrate.
Leaves

cauline, 0.3–9 cm, fascicles of small leaves often present in larger leaf axils;

blade margins entire or subentire, serrate, or serrulate, sometimes spinulose.

usually deciduous, usually alternate or opposite, sometimes whorled, simple, usually cauline, sometimes basal and forming rosettes;

stipules present, intrapetiolar, usually caducous, relatively small, or absent (tribes Epilobieae and Onagreae);

sessile or subsessile to petiolate;

blade margins usually entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed, rarely bipinnately lobed.
Inflorescences

solitary flowers in axils of distal leaves.

axillary, flowers solitary, leafy spikes, racemes, or panicles.
Flowers

opening near sunset or sunrise, sometimes in afternoon, usually with a sweet scent;

buds erect, terete or quadrangular, with free tips;

floral tube 2–60(–70) mm;

sepals flat or with keeled midribs, reflexed individually;

petals yellow, usually fading dark yellow, orange, pale pink, or pale purple, suborbiculate to rhombic or obcordate;

stigma usually yellow to yellow-green, blue-black in O. capillifolia subsp. capillifolia, peltate, discoid to quadrangular, sometimes shallowly 4-lobed.

usually bisexual, (protandrous in Chamaenerion, Clarkia, Epilobium, [and most species of Lopezia]; protogynous in Circaea and Fuchsia), sometimes unisexual (gynodioecious or dioecious, [subdioecious]), usually actinomorphic, sometimes zygomorphic, (2–)4(–7)-merous;

perianth and androecium epigynous;

sepals persistent after anthesis (in Ludwigia), or all flower parts deciduous after anthesis;

floral tube present or absent in Chamaenerion, Ludwigia, [and most species of Lopezia];

sepals usually green or red, rarely pink or purple, valvate;

petals present, rarely absent, often fading darker with age, imbricate or convolute, sometimes clawed;

nectary present;

stamens 2 times as many as sepals and in 2 series, antisepalous set usually longer, rarely all equal (Chamaenerion), or as many as sepals, [in Lopezia reduced to 2 or 1 plus 1 sterile staminode];

filaments distinct;

anthers usually versatile, sometimes basifixed, dithecal, polysporangiate, with tapetal septa, sometimes also with parenchymatous septa, opening by longitudinal slits, pollen grains united by viscin threads, (2 or)3(–5)-aperturate, shed singly or in tetrads or polyads;

ovary inferior, usually with as many carpels and locules as sepals, rarely 1 or 2 (Circaea and Gayophytum), septa sometimes thin or absent at maturity;

placentation axile or parietal;

style 1, stigma 1, with as many lobes as sepals or clavate to globose, papillate or not, and wet with free-running secretions to dry without the secretions;

ovules 1 to numerous per locule, in 1 or several rows or clustered, anatropous, bitegmic.
Fruit

a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent berry or nutlike.
Capsules

woody and hard to thin and ± papery, straight, cylindrical to obtusely 4-angled, often tapering at each end, dehiscent 1/2 to throughout their length;

sessile.

Seeds

usually numerous, in 2 rows per locule, usually obovoid and somewhat angled, rarely oblanceoloid, surface smooth.

smooth or sculptured, sometimes with a coma or wings, with straight, oily embryo, 4-nucleate embryo sac, endosperm absent.
xI> = 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18.

2n

= 14 (28).

Oenothera sect. Calylophus

Onagraceae
Distribution
w North America; Mexico; c North America
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Bermuda; Eurasia; Africa; Atlantic Islands; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australasia; nearly worldwide; primarily New World
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 7 (7 in the flora).

Section Calylophus consists of 7 species (13 taxa) classified in two subsections distributed throughout the Great Plains to Arizona and south to central Mexico with a center of diversity in Texas (H. F. Towner 1977). P. H. Raven (1964) separated Calylophus from Oenothera as treated by P. A. Munz (1965) based on its peltate stigma and unusual sporogenous tissue (Towner). The peltate stigma can now be more properly interpreted as a variation from the typical Oenothera stigma, with the indusium enlarged and the lobes reduced (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). Molecular studies (R. A. Levin et al. 2004) strongly support both the inclusion of Calylophus within Oenothera and the monophyly of the section by inclusion of a species from each of the subsections. Subsequent detailed analyses (B. Cooper, unpubl.) indicate that subsect. Salpingia is not monophyletic with subsect. Calylophus nested within it, indicating that subsections may not be justifiable as currently defined. All species, except O. serrulata, are self-incompatible and outcrossing; flowers diurnal to vespertine, opening in the early morning or from midafternoon to near sunset, wilting in one and one-half to two days; those species with diurnal flowers are pollinated by bees [especially Halictidae (halictids) and Anthophoridae (anthophorids), often oligolectic species], those with larger vespertine flowers are pollinated by hawkmoths (Towner). The self-compatible O. serrulata is autogamous and a PTH species. Recent work (M. Moore, pers. comm.) suggests that there is additional edaphic endemism within sect. Calylophus, which is being investigated using morphology and molecular analyses (B. Cooper, unpubl.), and will likely result in detection of previously unknown species in the section.

Meriolix Rafinesque ex Endlicher 1840 is a superfluous name that pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera 22, species 664 (17 genera, 277 species in the flora).

Members of the Onagraceae are especially richly represented in North America. The family comprises annual and perennial herbs, with some shrubs and a few small to medium-sized trees. Most species occur in open habitats, ranging from dry to wet, with a few species of Ludwigia aquatic, from the tropics to the deserts of western North America, temperate forests, and arctic tundra; some species of Epilobium, Ludwigia, and Oenothera can be weeds in disturbed habitats. Members of the family are characterized by 4-merous flowers (sometimes 2-, 5-, or 7-merous), an inferior ovary, a floral tube in most species, stamens usually two times as many as sepals, and pollen connected by viscin threads. Flowers are usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual, and plants are gynodioecious, matinal, diurnal, or vespertine, self-compatible or self-incompatible, often outcrossing and then pollinated by a wide variety of insects or birds, or autogamous (P. H. Raven 1979; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007).

Onagraceae are known in considerable systematic detail, and information is available on comparative breeding systems and pollination biology, on chromosome numbers and cytogenetic relations, often involving translocations, and on vegetative, floral, and seed anatomy, palynology, and embryology. The phylogeny of the family is known in reasonably good detail, with most parts of the trees generally well-supported.

The suprageneric and generic classification presented by W. L. Wagner et al. (2007) differs in a number of ways from the previous classification (P. H. Raven 1979, 1988). Onagraceae are divided into two subfamilies based on a fundamental basal split recognized in all phylogenetic studies (R. H. Eyde 1981; P. C. Hoch et al. 1993; R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004; V. S. Ford and L. D. Gottlieb 2007), with Ludwigia on one branch (as Ludwigioideae), and the rest of the family on a second branch (as Onagroideae). Onagroideae are subdivided into six tribes: Circaeeae (including Fuchsieae), Epilobieae, Gongylocarpeae, Hauyeae, Lopezieae, and Onagreae. The Epilobieae and Onagreae are diverse; together they constitute fully two-thirds of the species in the family and include 15 of the 22 genera. The classification following Wagner et al. can be viewed on the Onagraceae web site by Wagner and Hoch at http://botany.si.edu/Onagraceae.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Sepals with conspicuously keeled midribs; stamens in 2 unequal series, antisepalous filaments 2 times as long as antipetalous filaments 17b.
O. subsect. Calylophus
1. Sepals without keeled midribs; stamens in subequal series 17b.
O. subsect. Salpingia
1. Sepals persistent or tardily caducous after anthesis; flowers (3 or)4 or 5(–7)-merous; floral tube absent; petals yellow or white [a. Onagraceae subfam. Ludwigioideae, p. 70].
Ludwigia
1. Sepals deciduous after anthesis (along with other flower parts); flowers (2–)4-merous; floral tube usually present, often elongate, if absent then petals usually rose purple or pink, rarely white [b. Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae, p. 101].
→ 2
2. Stipules present and soon deciduous; fruit indehiscent (berry or burlike capsule with hooked hairs) [b1. Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae tribe Circaeeae, p. 101].
→ 3
3. Fruit a berry; seeds few to ca. 500; flowers 4-merous.
Fuchsia
3. Fruit a capsule, burlike, with stiff, hooked hairs; seeds 1 or 2; flowers 2-merous.
Circaea
2. Stipules absent; fruit usually a capsule, sometimes indehiscent.
→ 4
4. Seeds usually comose, coma rarely secondarily lost; sepals erect or spreading; stigmas with dry multicellular papillae, entire or 4-lobed, lobes commissural; x = 18 [b2. Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae tribe Epilobieae, p. 107].
→ 5
5. Floral tube absent; stamens subequal; style deflexed at anthesis, later erect, stamens initially erect, later deflexed; leaves usually alternate, rarely subopposite or subverticillate proximally.
Chamaenerion
5. Floral tube present; stamens in 2 unequal whorls; style and stamens erect; leaves opposite, at least near base of stem.
Epilobium
4. Seeds not comose; sepals reflexed; stigmas usually wet, non-papillate, and entire or (3 or)4-lobed (non-commissural), sometimes (Clarkia) lobes commissural and then with dry unicellular papillae; x = 7 [b3. Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae tribe Onagreae, p. 159].
→ 6
6. Stigmas with commissural lobes and dry, unicellular papillae; flowers usually protandrous.
Clarkia
6. Stigmas hemispherical to subglobose or subcapitate, peltate, or 4-lobed, not commissural, surface wet, non-papillate; flowers not protandrous.
→ 7
7. Ovaries 2-locular; stems usually delicate.
Gayophytum
7. Ovaries (3 or)4-locular; stems usually not especially delicate.
→ 8
8. Seeds with concave and convex sides, concave side with a thick wing, convex side covered with glasslike, clavate hairs; petals white with yellow basal area.
Chylismiella
8. Seeds not concave/convex and not with a wing and clavate hairs; petals yellow, purple, red, or white, if white, mostly without yellow base.
→ 9
9. Ovaries with a slender, sterile apical projection; plants usually acaulescent.
→ 10
10. Herbs perennial; sterile projection of ovary persistent with fertile part in fruit, projection without visible abscission lines at its junctures with floral tube or fertile part of ovary.
Taraxia
10. Herbs annual; sterile projection of ovary with visible abscission lines at its junctures with both short floral tube and fertile part of ovary.
Tetrapteron
9. Ovaries without an apical projection; plants usually caulescent, sometimes acaulescent (in Oenothera).
→ 11
11. Styles with peltate indusium at base of stigma, at least at younger stages prior to anthesis; stigmas (3 or)4-lobed, receptive all around (or peltate to discoid or nearly square in sect. Calylophus).
Oenothera
11. Styles without indusium; stigmas usually subglobose to globose, subcapitate, capitate, or cylindrical (Eulobus), rarely conical-peltate and ± 4-lobed.
→ 12
12. Seeds in 2 rows per locule; capsules pedicellate; leaves mostly basal, blades often pinnately lobed, rarely bipinnately, sometimes unlobed, or lateral lobes greatly reduced or absent, terminal lobe usually large, abaxial surface of leaves or leaf margins with conspicuous, usually brown, oil cells.
Chylismia
12. Seeds in 1 row per locule; capsules usually sessile, rarely very shortly pedicellate; leaves not predominately basal, blades not lobed or pinnatifid, leaves without oil cells.
→ 13
13. Petals usually white, rarely red or tinged red; flowers vespertine.
Eremothera
13. Petals yellow, often with red flecks or spots; flowers diurnal.
→ 14
14. Flowering stems virgate; leaf blades pinnatifid to lobed; petals yellow with red flecks near base; seeds usually with purple spots; floral tube with a lobed disc.
Eulobus
14. Flowering stems not virgate; leaf blades not pinnatifid, margins entire or toothed; petals yellow, sometimes with 1+ red spots at base; seeds without purple spots; floral tube without a lobed disc.
→ 15
15. Stems densely leafy distally, nearly leafless proximally, with many slender, ascending branches from base; capsules strongly flattened, straight.
Neoholmgrenia
15. Stems usually leafy throughout, branched throughout or with a few basal branches; capsules not flattened, subterete or 4-angled, often flexuous or curled, sometimes straight.
→ 16
16. Capsules subterete; flowers only from distal nodes; seeds appearing smooth, glossy, triangular in cross section.
Camissonia
16. Capsules 4-angled, at least when dry; flowers from basalmost to distal nodes; seeds dull, flattened.
Camissoniopsis
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10. Authors: Warren L. Wagner, Peter C. Hoch.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera
Subordinate taxa
O. subsect. Calylophus, O. subsect. Salpingia
Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Chamaenerion, Chylismia, Chylismiella, Circaea, Clarkia, Epilobium, Eremothera, Eulobus, Fuchsia, Gayophytum, Ludwigia, Neoholmgrenia, Oenothera, Taraxia, Tetrapteron
Synonyms Calylophus, O.
Name authority (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 147. (2007) Jussieu
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



Type/paste one or more Latin names into the boxes above; matching taxa will show up below the box as you type. You can use the up/down arrow keys to move through the list.

(If the plant you're looking for doesn't show up in the auto-complete list, that means it either isn't described in Flora of North America yet, or it's listed under a synonym. And please note that Flora of North America is still missing several plant families, including Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, and Polemoniaceae.)

Choose a data source: Flora of North America, OregonFlora

The species comparison tool is brought to you by:
Northwest Wildflowers