Euthamia graminifolia
Euthamia
common goldentop, common grass-leaf-goldenrod, flat-top goldentop, fragrant goldenrod, grass-leaf goldenrod, grass-leaf goldentop, verge d'or à feuilles de graminées
goldentop, grass-leaf goldenrod
(commonly branched in distal 1/4) glabrous or densely spreading-hirtellous, not glaucous.
erect (nearly terete), simple or branched, glabrous or hairy.
spreading to ascending;
blades 3- or 5-nerved, linear to lanceolate, 37–130 × (2.1–)3–12 mm, lengths 7–20 times widths, abruptly to gradually reduced distally, herbaceous to firm-herbaceous, margins scabro-ciliate, apices obtuse to acuminate, faces usually little and obscurely gland-dotted (26–47 dots per mm²), barely viscid (more so on exposed shores), glabrous or densely spreading-hirtellous.
cauline; alternate;
sessile;
blades (± uniform along stems) linear to lanceolate (40–130 mm), margins entire, faces glabrous or hairy, sparsely to densely gland-dotted (dots obscure or evident, 0.1–0.25 mm diam., 0–86 per mm²).
broadly campanulate to campanulate, 3–5.3 mm.
obconic to hemispheric, (2.5–6.3 ×) 2.1–8.1 mm.
flat, pitted (pit borders ± fimbrillate), epaleate.
(7–)17–22(–35).
7–22(–35) (usually more numerous than disc florets), pistillate, fertile;
corollas yellow.
(3–)5–7(–13);
corollas 2.6–3.4 mm.
3–22, bisexual, fertile;
corollas yellow, tubes shorter than tubular to slender-funnelform throats, lobes 5, erect to ascending, oblong-lanceolate;
style-branch appendages lanceolate.
often ± yellow basally, outer (at least) usually green-tipped, outer ovate, inner oblong, apices obtuse or broadly acute.
11–29 in 3–5 series, 1-nerved (flat), linear to ovate, bases often stramineous or pale, margins chartaceous or weakly cartilaginous, not scarious (apices with green zones, erose to ciliate), abaxial faces glabrous, little to very resinous.
glomerulate, usually in flat-topped arrays (1.5–28 cm diam.), 10–28% of plant heights (branches unequal, giving irregular, broken appearance).
radiate, borne singly or (glomerulate) in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays.
oblong to narrowly ellipsoid, ± terete, 2–4-nerved, strigose;
pappi persistent, of 20–30, white, ± equal, antrorsely barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series.
= 9.
= 18.
Euthamia graminifolia
Euthamia
Plants with densely hairy leaves and stems have been called var. nuttallii. Though extremes are distinct, the plants cannot be reliably separated rangewide from typical Euthamia graminifolia. Plants called var. major have been distinguished primarily on the basis of leaf dimensions (lengths 8–11 times widths in var. major versus 11–20 in typical E. graminifolia). Overlap is extensive; no discrete boundaries can be drawn.
Euthamia hirtipes was described as a putative hybrid involving a hairy E. graminifolia and a small-headed E. caroliniana (M. L. Fernald 1946d). It combines broad, hairy leaf blades with few-flowered heads, a condition that is not intermediate between the putative parents. D. J. Sieren and J. F. Merrit (1980) and C. E. Taylor (1975) reviewed the plants. Until evidence can be supplied to the contrary, E. hirtipes should be considered a synonym of E. graminifolia.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 5 (5 in the flora).
Euthamia was formerly included in Solidago. Arrangements of heads, gland-dotted leaves, and DNA sequence data demonstrate that Euthamia should be treated as distinct from Solidago (L. C. Anderson and J. B. Creech 1975; R. D. Noyes and L. H. Rieseberg 1999).
Ambiguous and contradictory information has led to much debate about who named Euthamia (D. J. Sieren 1981; K. N. Gandhi 1999; G. L. Nesom 1999; J. L. Strother 2000). I consider correct authorship for this genus to be as given in Index Nominum Genericorum (http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/ing).
Euthamia is capable of tremendous phenotypic variation. Transitional aspects of a given plant are much more likely to be related to environmental factors than to introgression. Heights of arrays are determined by measuring from the summit of the plant to the bases of proximalmost head-bearing branches.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Stems glabrous and glaucous; arrays of heads not flat-topped, lengths of proximal branches 0.18–0.56 times array heights (creating multistoried aspects to arrays); apices of inner phyllaries acute to acuminate | E. occidentalis |
1. Stems glabrous or hairy, not glaucous; arrays of heads usually flat-topped or rounded, lengths of proximal branches 0.5–1 times array heights; apices of inner phyllaries obtuse to acute | → 2 |
2. Disc corollas 2.5–3.3(–3.4) mm; involucres 3–4.7(–5.3) mm | → 3 |
2. Disc corollas 3.3–4.8 mm; involucres (4–)4.5–6.3 mm | → 4 |
3. Stems glabrous or glabrate; leaf blades usually 1–3 mm wide (to 6 mm wide in some Maine and Nova Scotia populations), faces glabrous or glabrate, abundantly and prominently gland-dotted | E. caroliniana |
3. Stems glabrous or densely spreading-hirtellous; leaf blades usually 3–12 mm wide, faces glabrous or densely spreading-hirtellous, usually sparsely and obscurely gland-dotted | E. graminifolia |
4. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, lengths 12–49 times widths, gradually reduced distally, faces abundantly and prominently gland-dotted, not pustulate; arrays (25–)35–60% of plant heights | E. gymnospermoides |
4. Leaf blades lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, lengths 8–18 times widths, abruptly reduced distally, faces little and obscurely gland-dotted, sometimes pustulate;arrays 6–35% of plant heights | E. leptocephala |
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