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wall-rocket

annual wall-rocket, cross-weed, sand-rocket, stink-weed, stinking wall-rocket, wall-mustard, wallrocket

Habit Annuals, biennials, or perennials; (sometimes suffrutescent); scapose or not; glabrous, glabrescent, or pubescent. Annuals or perennials, (short-lived, frequently scapose or subscapose, taprooted), strongly scented (with glucosinolates).
Stems

erect or ascending, branched.

ascending to suberect, (0.5–)2–5(–6) dm, moderately pubescent (trichomes predominantly patent basally, retrorse distally to near racemes).

Leaves

basal and, sometimes, cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins dentate, sinuate, or pinnatisect;

cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base not auriculate), margins entire or dentate.

Basal leaves

(rosulate);

blade elliptic to obovate, 2–9 cm × 10–35 mm, margins sinuate to pinnatifid, lyrate, [2–4(–6) lobes each side], (margins and veins glabrescent to sparsely pubescent).

Cauline leaves

shortly petiolate to sessile;

blade margins entire or dentate.

Racemes

(corymbose, sometimes shortly bracteate basally), considerably elongated in fruit.

Flowers

sepals ascending to spreading, oblong, lateral pair not saccate basally;

petals yellow or white [purple], obovate, (apex rounded or truncate);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments not dilated basally;

anthers oblong to ovate, (apex obtuse);

nectar glands (4): lateral cushionlike, median cylindrical.

sepals 3–5.5 mm, pubescent or glabrous, trichomes straight;

petals yellow, 5–8(–10) × 3–5 mm;

filaments 3.5–6 mm;

anthers 1.5–2 mm;

gynophore obsolete or to 0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, stout to slender.

(3–)8–20(–37) mm.

Fruits

siliques, dehiscent, sessile or (long-)stipitate, segments 1 or 2, linear to linear-oblong, torulose, latiseptate or terete; (proximal segment numerous-seeded, 1-veined; terminal segment 0–2-seeded);

valves glabrous;

replum rounded;

septum complete;

ovules [12–]20–36(–46)[–276] per ovary; (style obsolete or distinct);

stigma capitate or somewhat decurrent, 2-lobed.

erect-patent, (1.5–)2–4 cm × 1.5–2.5 mm;

terminal segment beaklike, (1–)1.5–3 mm, seedless; (ovules 20–36 per ovary).

Seeds

usually biseriate, rarely uniseriate, not winged, ovoid or ellipsoid;

seed coat (smooth or minutely reticulate), slightly mucilaginous or not when wetted;

cotyledons conduplicate.

0.9–1.3 × 0.6–0.9 mm.

x

= 7, [8, 9, 10,] 11, [13,] 21.

2n

= 42.

Diplotaxis

Diplotaxis muralis

Phenology Flowering spring–fall.
Habitat Waste ground, disturbed or cultivated soil, ballast places, wharves, roadsides, railroads, around buildings, grazed grasslands
Elevation 80-2000 m (300-6600 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in n Mexico, West Indies (Bahamas), Bermuda, South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; FL; IA; IL; IN; KS; MA; MI; MN; MT; NE; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OR; PA; TX; UT; WI; AB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Eurasia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León), West Indies (Bahamas), Bermuda, South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 25–30 (3 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Diplotaxis muralis was introduced from Europe as a ballast plant in the last century and may have failed to persist in some of the recorded provinces and states. It is an allopolyploid arisen from D. tenuifolia and the Eurasian D. viminea (Linnaeus) de Candolle with 2n = 20 (M. D. Sánchez-Yélamo and J. B. Martínez-Laborde 1991; K. Mummenhoff et al. 1993; G. Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). There does not seem to be a sound basis for attributing D. viminea to the flora area, as done by V. I. Dorofeev (1998), because most specimens cited by him belong, in fact, to D. muralis.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems densely pubescent throughout; leaf blade surfaces shortly pubescent throughout; sepals pubescent, trichomes ± flexuous; petals white (turning purple); fruits: distal segment 1- or 2-seeded.
D. erucoides
1. Stems glabrescent to moderately pubescent basally or distally; leaf blade surfaces glabrescent, or margins and veins glabrescent to sparsely pubescent; sepals glabrous or pubescent, trichomes straight; petals yellow; fruits: distal segment seedless
→ 2
2. Perennials, with adventitious buds on roots; stems frequently foliose, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent basally; fruits erect; gynophores 0.5-3 mm.
D. tenuifolia
2. Annuals or perennials (short-lived), without buds on roots; stems frequently scapose, moderately pubescent; fruits erect-patent; gynophores obsolete or to 0.5 mm.
D. muralis
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 432. Author: Juan B. Martínez-Laborde. FNA vol. 7, p. 433.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Diplotaxis
Sibling taxa
D. erucoides, D. tenuifolia
Subordinate taxa
D. erucoides, D. muralis, D. tenuifolia
Synonyms Sisymbrium murale, Sinapis muralis
Name authority de Candolle: Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 7: 243. (1821) (Linnaeus) de Candolle: Syst. Nat. 2: 634. (1821)
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