Bellardia |
Bellardia trixago |
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bellardia, glandweed, lineseed, parentucellia |
Mediterranean lineseed |
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Habit | Herbs, annual [perennial]; hemiparasitic. | |||||||||
Stems | erect, not fleshy, retrorsely short-strigose or glandular-hairy. |
simple or with few ascending branches, (5–)10–70 cm, retrorsely short-strigose. |
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Leaves | cauline, opposite, sometimes some subopposite or alternate; petiole absent; blade not fleshy, not leathery, margins coarsely crenate-dentate. |
12–22 pairs, ascending or divaricate, antrorsely short-strigose, glandular-hairy; blade oblong-lanceolate or linear, (10–)14–90[–95] x 2–20 mm, margins green, apex acute. |
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Inflorescences | terminal, spikelike racemes; bracts present. |
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Pedicels | present; bracteoles absent. |
1–2 mm, hairy. |
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Flowers | sepals 4, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric, not flattened laterally, tubular or campanulate, not accrescent in fruit, lobes triangular or lanceolate; petals 5, corolla white with purple galea, yellow, or red-purple, strongly bilabiate, tubular-funnelform, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2, adaxial lip galeate; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous, anther mucros equal or absent; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma clavate, capitate, or +/- 2-lobed. |
calyx tubular, 7–9 mm, tube 4–6 mm, hairy or glandular-hairy, lobes unequal, triangular, 0.5–7 x 2–4 mm, herbaceous, margins entire, apex acute, glandular-hairy; corolla white with purple galea, 18–25(–30) mm, sparsely glandular-hairy externally, throat with 2 inflated lines between lateral and central lobes, abaxial lobes spreading, adaxial projecting; stamens included, pollen sacs yellow, 2–2.5 mm, mucronate distally, brownish villous proximally, scarcely hairy distally, dehiscing longitudinally in distal 3/4–4/5; style 14–20 mm, puberulent; stigma clavate, capitate, or +/- 2-lobed. |
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Capsules | dehiscence loculicidal. |
7–10 x 4.5–8 mm, setose or villous, some hairs glandular. |
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Seeds | 150–450, white, reddish brown with age, ellipsoid or ellipsoid-oblong, wings absent. |
0.5–1 mm, longitudinally ridged or smooth. |
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Spikelike | racemes 1–14 cm; flowers 2–16(–25) pairs, dense, not interrupted proximally, glandular-hairy; peduncle absent; bracts foliaceous, 8–23 x 3–11 mm, margins of proximal bracts +/- coarsely dentate, margins of distal bracts +/- entire. |
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x | = 12. |
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2n | = 24 (Spain). |
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Bellardia |
Bellardia trixago |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Jun. | |||||||||
Habitat | Disturbed grasslands, roadsides, fields, serpentine grasslands. | |||||||||
Elevation | 0–900 m. (0–3000 ft.) | |||||||||
Distribution |
Europe [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Pacific Islands, s Australia] |
CA; LA; TX; Europe; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, w Asia, s Africa, Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands), s Australia]
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Discussion | Species 48 (3 in the flora). Bellardia trixago has been included in a monospecific section of Bartsia in the broad sense (U. Molau 1990). Morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a close relationship among Bellardia, Parentucellia, and New World species of Bartsia (A. D. Wolfe et al. 2005; J. R. Bennett and S. Mathews 2006; S. Uribe-Convers and D. C. Tank, http://2010.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=685; A. Scheunert et al. 2012). Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that South American Bartsia are nested within a highly supported clade including Bellardia and Parentucellia (Scheunert et al.). An expanded Bellardia includes P. latifolia (Linnaeus) Caruel, P. viscosa (Linnaeus) Caruel, and the South American species of Bartsia. After this treatment had been completed, the author became aware of the alternative view presented by Uribe-Convers and Tank (2016), where all of the South American Bartsia taxa are transferred to the new genus Neobartsia Uribe-Convers & Tank, Parentucellia is recognized, and Bellardia includes only B. trixago and B. viscosa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Although known in California since at least 1889 (Greene s.n., 1889, UC), Bellardia trixago has appeared in the southeastern United States much more recently. First collected in Texas in 1970, B. trixago was documented in Louisiana in 2007, its easternmost locality in the flora area, and it seems to be moving eastward and southeastward more quickly than northward (J. R. Singhurst et al. 2012). Bellardia trixago rarely forms dense populations in the flora area. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 490. | FNA vol. 17, p. 491. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | Bartsia section bellardia, Parentucellia | Bartsia trixago | ||||||||
Name authority | Allioni: Fl. Pedem. 1: 61. (1785) | (Linnaeus) Allioni: Fl. Pedem. 1: 61. (1785) | ||||||||
Web links |
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