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bitter winter cress, common winter cress, creasy greens, cress, cressy-greens, garden yellow-rocket, herb Barbara, rocketcress, yellow-rocket

Belle Isle cress, early winter cress, early winter or Belle Isle or American or land cress, early yellow-rocket, land cress, scurvy cress, scurvygrass, wintercress

Habit Biennials or, rarely, perennials; glabrous throughout or margins ciliate. Biennials or, rarely, perennials; mostly glabrous, except blade auricles ciliate.
Stems

(1.5–)2–9(–12) dm.

(1–)2.5–8 dm.

Basal leaves

petiole (0.5–)2–10(–17) cm;

blade lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)2–8(–10) cm, lobes 1–3(–5) on each side (rarely early ones undivided), lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.3–2(–4) cm × 1–8(–15) mm, sometimes slightly fleshy, margins entire, repand, crenate, or dentate, terminal lobe (ovate or suborbicular), (0.7–)1.5–4.5(–7) cm × (4–)10–30(–50) mm, (surfaces glabrous or margins ciliate).

petiole (0.5–)1–6(–8) cm;

blade pinnatifid to pinnatisect, 1.5–11 cm, lobes (3–)6–10 on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.4–3 cm × 1–10 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe considerably larger than lateral ones, 1–5 cm × 10–350 mm.

Cauline leaves

blade ovate or suborbicular (undivided), margins usually coarsely dentate, rarely subentire; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong (to 10 × 5 mm), glabrous.

blade pinnatisect, lateral lobes 1–4, (oblong to lanceolate), margins often entire, rarely coarsely toothed; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 10 × 4 mm, margins entire).

Flowers

sepals 3–4.5(–5) × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious;

petals yellow, spatulate or oblanceolate, (5–)6–9(–10) × 1.5–2.5(–3.5) mm, base attenuate, apex rounded;

filaments 3–4.5 mm;

anthers 0.7–1.2 mm;

ovules 18–24(–28) per ovary;

gynophore to 0.5 mm.

sepals 3–5 × 0.7–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious;

petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate to spatulate, (5–)6–7(–8.5) × 1.5–3 mm, base cuneate, apex truncate or emarginate;

filaments 3–5 mm;

anthers 0.8–1.2 mm;

ovules (34–)38–48(–52) per ovary;

gynophore to 0.3 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

divaricate to ascending or erect, 3–7 mm, terete or subquadrangular, thickened (narrower than fruit).

divaricate to ascending, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, terete, stout (almost as broad as fruit).

Fruits

erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete, somewhat compressed, or 4-angled, (0.7–)1.5–3 cm × 1.2–2 mm;

style slender, (1–)1.5–3(–3.5) mm.

erect to ascending, not appressed to rachis, torulose, subterete to slightly latiseptate, (4.5–)5.3–7(–8) cm × 1.5–2 mm;

style stout, 0.2–1(–2) mm.

Seeds

dark brown, plump, broadly ovoid to oblong or subglobose, 1.2–1.5 × 1–1.2 mm.

dark brown, somewhat plump, oblong or quadrate, 1.8–2.5 × 1.4–1.6 mm.

2n

= 16.

= 16.

Barbarea vulgaris

Barbarea verna

Phenology Flowering Apr–Jul. Flowering Mar–Jul.
Habitat Waste places, ditches, riverbanks, damp grasslands, roadsides, fields, disturbed sites Waste grounds, fields, limestone glades, rocky outcrops, fields, railroad embankments, disturbed sites, roadsides
Elevation 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft) 0-1600 m (0-5200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; WA; WV; BC; NF; Europe; Asia; n Africa; s Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Barbarea vulgaris, which is sometimes grown as a potherb, is highly variable in length and orientation of fruit and fruiting pedicel, style length, and the division of cauline leaves. Several varieties have been recognized, and they represent some of the many points along one continuum. In my opinion, it is better not to recognize any infraspecific taxa in North America.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 461. FNA vol. 7, p. 463.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea
Sibling taxa
B. orthoceras, B. stricta, B. verna
B. orthoceras, B. stricta, B. vulgaris
Synonyms Erysimum barbarea, B. arcuata, B. vulgaris var. arcuata, Erysimum arcuatum Erysimum vernum, B. praecox, Campe verna, Erysimum praecox
Name authority W. T. Aiton: in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew. 4: 109. (1812) (Miller) Ascherson: Fl. Brandenb. 1: 36. (1860)
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