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bitter winter cress, common winter cress, creasy greens, cress, cressy-greens, garden yellow-rocket, herb Barbara, rocketcress, yellow-rocket

Habit Biennials or, rarely, perennials; glabrous throughout or margins ciliate.
Stems

(1.5–)2–9(–12) dm.

Basal leaves

petiole (0.5–)2–10(–17) cm;

blade lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)2–8(–10) cm, lobes 1–3(–5) on each side (rarely early ones undivided), lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.3–2(–4) cm × 1–8(–15) mm, sometimes slightly fleshy, margins entire, repand, crenate, or dentate, terminal lobe (ovate or suborbicular), (0.7–)1.5–4.5(–7) cm × (4–)10–30(–50) mm, (surfaces glabrous or margins ciliate).

Cauline leaves

blade ovate or suborbicular (undivided), margins usually coarsely dentate, rarely subentire; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong (to 10 × 5 mm), glabrous.

Flowers

sepals 3–4.5(–5) × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious;

petals yellow, spatulate or oblanceolate, (5–)6–9(–10) × 1.5–2.5(–3.5) mm, base attenuate, apex rounded;

filaments 3–4.5 mm;

anthers 0.7–1.2 mm;

ovules 18–24(–28) per ovary;

gynophore to 0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

divaricate to ascending or erect, 3–7 mm, terete or subquadrangular, thickened (narrower than fruit).

Fruits

erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete, somewhat compressed, or 4-angled, (0.7–)1.5–3 cm × 1.2–2 mm;

style slender, (1–)1.5–3(–3.5) mm.

Seeds

dark brown, plump, broadly ovoid to oblong or subglobose, 1.2–1.5 × 1–1.2 mm.

2n

= 16.

Barbarea vulgaris

Phenology Flowering Apr–Jul.
Habitat Waste places, ditches, riverbanks, damp grasslands, roadsides, fields, disturbed sites
Elevation 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Barbarea vulgaris, which is sometimes grown as a potherb, is highly variable in length and orientation of fruit and fruiting pedicel, style length, and the division of cauline leaves. Several varieties have been recognized, and they represent some of the many points along one continuum. In my opinion, it is better not to recognize any infraspecific taxa in North America.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 461.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea
Sibling taxa
B. orthoceras, B. stricta, B. verna
Synonyms Erysimum barbarea, B. arcuata, B. vulgaris var. arcuata, Erysimum arcuatum
Name authority W. T. Aiton: in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew. 4: 109. (1812)
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