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false foxglove, yellow false foxglove

combleaf yellow false foxglove

Habit Herbs, annual or perennial; hemiparasitic, caudex knotted. Annuals.
Stems

erect, not fleshy, glabrous, sparsely to densely puberulent, densely villous, or glandular-pubescent.

branched, 3–12 dm, densely white-villous, glandular-pubescent.

Leaves

basal and cauline, opposite;

petiole present;

blade leathery, not fleshy, margins entire, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid.

petiole 1–8 mm;

blade lanceolate, (5–)10–50 x 6–26 mm, margins 2-pinnatifid, sometimes undivided or basal less deeply incised, glandular-pubescent.

Bracts

leaflike, 10–16 x 4–10 mm, margins pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid.

Inflorescences

terminal, loose racemes;

bracts present.

Pedicels

present;

bracteoles absent.

5–20 mm, villous, glandular-pubescent.

Flowers

sepals 5, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate or turbinate, lobes linear to deltate, sometimes lanceolate;

petals 5, corolla yellow, bilabiate, campanulate, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2;

stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous or ciliate, anthers villous;

staminode 0;

ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;

stigma truncate.

calyx villous and glandular-pubescent, tube campanulate, 3–8 mm, lobes linear, 7–15 x 1–3 mm, margins pinnatifid;

corolla tube 25–40 mm, gibbous, floccose, lobes 7–11 x 6–15 mm;

filaments 12–18 mm, ciliate;

style 30–50 mm.

Capsules

dehiscence loculicidal.

pyriform, 11–15 x 5–7 mm, hispid.

Seeds

300–500, brown to blackish, ovoid to deltoid, wings present (absent in A. pedicularia).

x

= 14.

Aureolaria

Aureolaria pectinata

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Sandy soils, oak-pine scrubs.
Elevation 0–700 m. (0–2300 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
e North America; n Mexico; c North America
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; KY; LA; MO; MS; NC; OK; SC; TN; TX; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 8 (7 in the flora).

Molecular phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship of Aureolaria with Agalinis, Esterhazya J. C. Mikan, and Seymeria (J. R. Bennett and S. Mathews 2006). Further evidence for these relationships is similarities in floral morphology among these genera.

Aureolaria greggii (S. Watson) Pennell occurs broadly throughout northern Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Aureolaria pectinata was treated at species rank by F. W. Pennell; some authors have included it within A. pedicularia (for example, R. P. Wunderlin 1998). Although A. pectinata and A. pedicularia bear a close resemblance, they can be separated reliably and recognized as species. While Pennell (1935) recognized four infraspecific taxa, these were distinguished on subtle characteristics that are difficult to discern on herbarium specimens (for example, distal leaves and bracts not excessively smaller versus distal leaves and bracts excessively smaller). No infraspecific taxa are recognized here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Calyx lobe margins crenate or pinnatifid; plants annual.
→ 2
2. Leaf blade margins 2-pinnatifid, sometimes undivided or basal leaves less deeply incised; calyx tubes campanulate; corolla tubes floccose.
A. pectinata
2. Leaf blade margins pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid (first sinus deeper than second when both present); calyx tubes turbinate; corolla tubes glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
A. pedicularia
1. Calyx lobe margins entire; plants perennial.
→ 3
3. Stems and leaf blade surfaces sparsely to densely brown-pubescent; capsules densely pubescent.
A. virginica
3. Stems and leaf blade surfaces glabrous, puberulent, or white-puberulent; capsules glabrous.
→ 4
4. Leaf blade margins proximally serrate to pinnatifid, entire on distal 1/4–1/.
A. patula
4. Leaf blade margins entire, serrate, or shallowly to deeply pinnatifid.
→ 5
5. Stems and leaf blade surfaces puberulent or white-puberulent.
A. grandiflora
5. Stems and leaf blade surfaces glabrous.
→ 6
6. Leaf blade margins entire or serrate, rarely proximal leaves pinnatifid.
A. levigata
6. Leaf blade margins pinnatifid or basal leaves 2-pinnatifid, rarely entire.
A. flava
Source FNA vol. 17, p. 555. Author: Jeffery J. Morawetz. FNA vol. 17, p. 556.
Parent taxa Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae > Aureolaria
Sibling taxa
A. flava, A. grandiflora, A. levigata, A. patula, A. pedicularia, A. virginica
Subordinate taxa
A. flava, A. grandiflora, A. levigata, A. patula, A. pectinata, A. pedicularia, A. virginica
Synonyms Gerardia pedicularia var. pectinata, G. pectinata
Name authority Rafinesque: New Fl. 2: 58. (1837) (Nuttall) Pennell: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 414. (1913)
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