Aureolaria |
Aureolaria grandiflora |
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false foxglove, yellow false foxglove |
large-flower yellow false foxglove |
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Habit | Herbs, annual or perennial; hemiparasitic, caudex knotted. | Perennials. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, not fleshy, glabrous, sparsely to densely puberulent, densely villous, or glandular-pubescent. |
simple or branched, 5–15 dm, white-puberulent. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline, opposite; petiole present; blade leathery, not fleshy, margins entire, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid. |
petiole 8–18 mm; blade lanceolate, 50–105 x 30–40 mm, margins pinnatifid and serrate, rarely serrate and not pinnatifid, surfaces puberulent. |
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Bracts | leaflike, 15–22 x 3–7 mm, margins serrate to weakly pinnatifid at base. |
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Inflorescences | terminal, loose racemes; bracts present. |
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Pedicels | present; bracteoles absent. |
4–11 mm, puberulent. |
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Flowers | sepals 5, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate or turbinate, lobes linear to deltate, sometimes lanceolate; petals 5, corolla yellow, bilabiate, campanulate, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous or ciliate, anthers villous; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma truncate. |
calyx puberulent, tube campanulate, 6–10 mm, lobes linear to lanceolate, 3–12 x 1–4 mm, margins entire; corolla tube 30–40 mm, glabrous, lobes 7–11 x 10–16 mm; filaments 13–27 mm, ciliate; style 29–35 mm. |
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Capsules | dehiscence loculicidal. |
pyriform, 10–16 x 8–12 mm, glabrous. |
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Seeds | 300–500, brown to blackish, ovoid to deltoid, wings present (absent in A. pedicularia). |
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x | = 14. |
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Aureolaria |
Aureolaria grandiflora |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Oct. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Maple, pine, and oak woodlands, roadsides. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–400 m. (0–1300 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
e North America; n Mexico; c North America |
AR; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MO; OK; TX; WI; ON
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Discussion | Species 8 (7 in the flora). Molecular phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship of Aureolaria with Agalinis, Esterhazya J. C. Mikan, and Seymeria (J. R. Bennett and S. Mathews 2006). Further evidence for these relationships is similarities in floral morphology among these genera. Aureolaria greggii (S. Watson) Pennell occurs broadly throughout northern Mexico. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
J. C. McFeeley and E. P. Roberts (1974) documented Aureolaria grandiflora, typically a parasite of oaks, parasitizing Juniperus virginiana in addition to oak species. F. W. Pennell (1935) recognized four infraspecific taxa within A. grandiflora, differentiated on subtle characteristics (for example, bract margins serrate versus more deeply cut, leaf blade margins more versus less pinnatifid). Additionally, he recognized these infraspecific taxa at both the varietal and subspecific ranks (at different times). No infraspecific taxa are recognized here. There is a historic record of Aureolaria grandiflora from Houston County, Minnesota, collected in 1899. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 555. | FNA vol. 17, p. 558. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Gerardia grandiflora, A. grandiflora var. cinerea, A. grandiflora var. pulchra, A. grandiflora var. serrata, G. grandiflora var. cinerea, G. grandiflora var. pulchra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Rafinesque: New Fl. 2: 58. (1837) | (Bentham) Pennell: Rhodora 20: 135. (1918) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |