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false foxglove, yellow false foxglove

smooth false foxglove, smooth yellow false foxglove

Habit Herbs, annual or perennial; hemiparasitic, caudex knotted. Perennials.
Stems

erect, not fleshy, glabrous, sparsely to densely puberulent, densely villous, or glandular-pubescent.

branched, 4–22 dm, glabrous, glaucescent.

Leaves

basal and cauline, opposite;

petiole present;

blade leathery, not fleshy, margins entire, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid.

petiole 7–25 mm;

blade lanceolate, 60–160 x 12–60 mm, margins pinnatifid or basal leaves 2-pinnatifid, rarely entire, surfaces glabrous.

Bracts

leaflike, 10–48 x 2–5 mm, margins entire or pinnatifid.

Inflorescences

terminal, loose racemes;

bracts present.

Pedicels

present;

bracteoles absent.

7–12 mm, glabrous.

Flowers

sepals 5, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate or turbinate, lobes linear to deltate, sometimes lanceolate;

petals 5, corolla yellow, bilabiate, campanulate, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2;

stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous or ciliate, anthers villous;

staminode 0;

ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;

stigma truncate.

calyx glabrous, tube campanulate, 4–8 mm, lobes linear to narrowly deltate, 4–7 x 1–2 mm, margins entire;

corolla tube 25–38 mm, glabrous, lobes 5–9 x 6–15 mm;

filaments 12–26 mm, glabrous;

style 27–31 mm.

Capsules

dehiscence loculicidal.

ovoid to pyriform, 11–13 x 9–11 mm, glabrous.

Seeds

300–500, brown to blackish, ovoid to deltoid, wings present (absent in A. pedicularia).

x

= 14.

2n

= 24.

Aureolaria

Aureolaria flava

Phenology Flowering Jul–Oct.
Habitat Oak or oak-pine woods, roadsides.
Elevation 0–1500 m. (0–4900 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
e North America; n Mexico; c North America
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WV; ON
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 8 (7 in the flora).

Molecular phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship of Aureolaria with Agalinis, Esterhazya J. C. Mikan, and Seymeria (J. R. Bennett and S. Mathews 2006). Further evidence for these relationships is similarities in floral morphology among these genera.

Aureolaria greggii (S. Watson) Pennell occurs broadly throughout northern Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Despite the nuanced variation within this broadly distributed species recognized at both the varietal and subspecific ranks by F. W. Pennell (1935), R. P. Wunderlin (1998) recognized a broad Aureolaria flava with no varietal designations; that concept is followed here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Calyx lobe margins crenate or pinnatifid; plants annual.
→ 2
2. Leaf blade margins 2-pinnatifid, sometimes undivided or basal leaves less deeply incised; calyx tubes campanulate; corolla tubes floccose.
A. pectinata
2. Leaf blade margins pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid (first sinus deeper than second when both present); calyx tubes turbinate; corolla tubes glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
A. pedicularia
1. Calyx lobe margins entire; plants perennial.
→ 3
3. Stems and leaf blade surfaces sparsely to densely brown-pubescent; capsules densely pubescent.
A. virginica
3. Stems and leaf blade surfaces glabrous, puberulent, or white-puberulent; capsules glabrous.
→ 4
4. Leaf blade margins proximally serrate to pinnatifid, entire on distal 1/4–1/.
A. patula
4. Leaf blade margins entire, serrate, or shallowly to deeply pinnatifid.
→ 5
5. Stems and leaf blade surfaces puberulent or white-puberulent.
A. grandiflora
5. Stems and leaf blade surfaces glabrous.
→ 6
6. Leaf blade margins entire or serrate, rarely proximal leaves pinnatifid.
A. levigata
6. Leaf blade margins pinnatifid or basal leaves 2-pinnatifid, rarely entire.
A. flava
Source FNA vol. 17, p. 555. Author: Jeffery J. Morawetz. FNA vol. 17, p. 558.
Parent taxa Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae > Aureolaria
Sibling taxa
A. grandiflora, A. levigata, A. patula, A. pectinata, A. pedicularia, A. virginica
Subordinate taxa
A. flava, A. grandiflora, A. levigata, A. patula, A. pectinata, A. pedicularia, A. virginica
Synonyms Gerardia flava, A. calycosa, A. flava var. macrantha, A. flava var. reticulata, G. calycosa, G. flava var. macrantha, G. flava var. reticulata
Name authority Rafinesque: New Fl. 2: 58. (1837) (Linnaeus) Farwell: Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 188. (1919)
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