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Maltese starthistle, tocalote

black knapweed, hardheads

Habit Plants annual, 1–10 dm. Plants perennial, 3–15 dm.
Stems

branched above, sparsely tomentose;

gland-dotted.

openly branched above, villous to scabrous and loosely tomentose to glabrous.

Leaves

villous, thinly to densely tomentose;

gland-dotted;

basal and lower cauline blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm;

margins dentate, pinnately lobed or entire, petiolate to tapering at base; upper cauline blades linear to oblong, 1–5 cm, bases decurrent;

margins dentate to entire.

villous;

gland-dotted;

basal and lower cauline blades oblanceolate to elliptic, 5–25 cm; > 1 cm wide;

margins entire, shallowly dentate or pinnately lobed;

petioles not winged; upper cauline blades linear to lanceolate, 3.5–8 cm, gradually smaller, bases not decurrent;

margins entire or shallowly dentate, sessile.

Inflorescences

1–few in corymb-like arrays or heads solitary.

few-headed corymb-like arrays.

Involucres

ovoid, 8–15 mm.

campanulate or hemispheric, 15–18 mm.

Florets

yellow, sterile florets ? fertile florets, fertile florets 10–14 mm.

all fertile, 15–18 mm, purple, rarely white.

Phyllaries

outer ovate, bases spiny-fringed;

surfaces tomentose to glabrate;

central spines slender, 5–10 mm, often purple; inner entire; acute or spine-tipped.

outer lanceolate to ovate, obscured by overlapping appendages;

margins dissected into wiry comb-like lobes; appendages erect; ± triangular, dark brown to black; inner margins irregularly toothed or lobed;

tips truncate.

Fruits

2.5–3 mm, white or light brown, finely hairy, pappi of unequal, white bristles, 1.5–3 mm.

2.5–3 mm, tan, finely hairy, pappi of blackish, sometimes deciduous bristles, 0.5–1 mm.

Heads

disciform.

discoid;

peduncles leafy-bracted.

2n

=24.

=22, 44.

Centaurea melitensis

Centaurea nigra

Distribution
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Disturbed areas, roadsides, open woods, fields, pastures. Flowering May–Jul. 0–700 m. CR, ECas, Est, Sisk, WV. CA, ID, NV, WA; scattered in North America; Africa, Asia, Europe. Exotic.

Disturbed areas, roadsides, fields. Flowering May–Sep. 0–500 m. Casc, CR, ECas, WV. CA, ID, WA; north to British Columbia, northeast to MT, northeastern North America; Europe. Exotic.

Source Flora of Oregon, volume 2, page 214
Bridget Chipman
Flora of Oregon, volume 2, page 215
Bridget Chipman
Sibling taxa
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. diffusa, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. jacea x Centaurea nigra, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. virgata
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. diffusa, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. jacea x Centaurea nigra, C. melitensis, C. montana, C. nigrescens, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. virgata
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