Bromus tectorum |
Bromus japonicus |
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cheatgrass, downy brome, downy chess |
Japanese brome |
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Habit | Plants annual, 5–90 cm tall. | Plants annual, (22)30–70 cm tall. |
Culms | puberulent. |
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Leaves | sheaths densely and softly retrorsely pubescent to pilose; upper sheaths sometimes glabrous; blades 1–16 cm × 1–6 mm, softly hairy on both surfaces. |
sheaths densely pilose; upper sheaths sometimes pubescent to glabrous; blades 10–20 cm × 2–4 mm, generally pilose on both surfaces. |
Inflorescences | 5–20 × 3–8 cm; open, nodding; branches 1–4 cm, drooping, 1-sided and longer than the spikelets, usually at least 1 branch with 4–8 spikelets. |
10–22 × 4–13 cm; open, nodding; branches usually longer than the spikelets, spreading to ascending; slender, flexuous; somewhat drooping, sometimes sinuous. |
Spikelets | 10–20 mm, moderately laterally compressed, not densely crowded, 4–8 florets. |
20–40 mm, lanceolate; terete to moderately laterally compressed, with 6–12 florets; floret bases usually concealed at maturity; rachilla internodes concealed at maturity. |
Glumes | villous, pubescent, or glabrous; lower glumes 4–9 mm, 1-veined; upper glumes 7–13 mm, 3–5-veined. |
smooth or scabrous; lower glumes 4.5–7 mm; (3)5-veined; upper glumes 5–8 mm, 7-veined. |
Caryopses | equal to or shorter than the paleas; thin, weakly inrolled or flat. |
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Lemmas | 9–12 mm, lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent to pilose, 5–7-veined; tips acuminate; hyaline; bifid, with teeth 0.8–2(3)mm, awned; lemma awns 10–18 mm; straight. |
7–9 × 1.2–2.2 mm, lanceolate; leathery; smooth proximally, scabrous on the distal half, obscurely (7)9-veined; veins usually not raised and thickened; margins hyaline, 0.3–0.6 mm wide, obtusely angled above the middle, not inrolled at maturity; tips rounded to acute; bifid; teeth shorter than 1 mm; lemma awns 8–13 mm, strongly divergent at maturity, occasionally straight, twisted, flattened at the base, arising 1.5 mm or more below the lemma tips. |
Anthers | 0.5–1 mm. |
0.7–1.5 mm. |
2n | =14. |
=14. |
Bromus tectorum |
Bromus japonicus |
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Distribution | ||
Discussion | Disturbed areas, sagebrush steppe, degraded grasslands, roadsides. 0–2400 m. BR, BW, Casc, Col, CR, ECas, Lava, Owy, Sisk, WV. CA, ID, NV, WA; throughout North America; worldwide. Exotic. Bromus tectorum is a relatively short grass with drooping inflorescences. Similar B. sterilis and B. diandrus have longer glumes, lemmas, and awns, and spikelets that hang down at a shallower angle than those of B. tectorum. The introduction of B. tectorum to shrub steppe habitats during a time of massive overgrazing in the late 1800s has made restoration of native plant communities difficult or impossible, even where grazing no longer occurs. Fast-growing B. tectorum seedlings outcompete slower growing native grass seedlings for water in drying soils. At maturity, the awns make B. tectorum unpalatable to livestock. |
Dry, disturbed areas. 0–2200 m. BW, Casc, ECas, Lava, Owy, WV. CA, ID, NV, WA; throughout North America; Eurasia. Exotic. Bromus japonicus is an annual brome with relatively long spikelets and curved awns. Bromus commutatus, B. racemosus and B. secalinus have shorter spikelets and have lemma awns arising less than 1.5 mm below the lemma apex. Bromus squarrosus differs in having more strongly angled lemma margins with broader hyaline margins, more florets per spikelet, and usually only one spikelet per panicle branch. |
Source | Flora of Oregon, volume 1, page 374 Barbara Wilson, Richard Brainerd, Nick Otting |
Flora of Oregon, volume 1, page 371 Barbara Wilson, Richard Brainerd, Nick Otting |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Bromus tectorum var. glabratus, Bromus tectorum var. nudus, Bromus tectorum var. tectorum | |
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