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Nuttall's death camas

black snakeroot, crow poison, Osceola's plume, pine-barren death camas

Habit Plants 3–7.5 dm, from bulbs; bulbs not clumped, tunicate, ovoid, 15–40 × 9–35 mm. Plants 4–20 dm, from bulbs; bulbs not clumped, tunicate, ovoid, 0.5–2 × 1–2 cm.
Leaves

proximal blades 15–45 cm × 3–15 mm.

proximal blades 10–50 cm × 2–12 mm.

Inflorescences

usually paniculate, 20–60-flowered, with 1–8 branches, narrow, terminal raceme pyramidal in early anthesis, 3–30 × 3–7 cm, proximal branches 1/10–1/2 length of entire inflorescence, ascending at 10°–60° angle.

racemose or paniculate, 40–100-flowered, cylindrical, 4–15 × 2.5–5 cm.

Flowers

perianth hypogynous, campanulate, 10–15 mm diam.;

tepals persistent in fruit, cream colored, ovate, 3–8 × 1–4 mm, outer unclawed or rarely clawed to 5 mm, apex usually obtuse;

gland 1, obovate, distal margins obscure, thin;

filaments straight, usually equaling tepals, occasionally longer, thickened proximally;

pedicel usually ascending in fruit, occasionally perpendicular to stem, 10–35 mm, bracts green, somewhat falcate, 3–20 mm.

perianth hypogynous, 5–10 mm diam.;

tepals persistent in fruit, cream colored to greenish, ovate to elliptic, 3–5 mm, narrowed but not sharply contracted basally;

gland 1, obscure;

pedicel 1–2 cm, bracts often tinged with red, lanceolate, 2–12 mm.

Capsules

8–16 × 3–8 mm.

narrowly conic, 10–20 mm.

2n

= 32.

Zigadenus nuttallii

Zigadenus densus

Phenology Flowering Mar–Jun. Flowering mid Mar–Jul.
Habitat Tallgrass prairie, calcareous glades, rocky hillsides Pine bogs, flatlands
Elevation 500–1200 m (1600–3900 ft) 0–1800 m (0–5900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; KS; MO; OK; TX
[WildflowerSearch map]
from FNA
AL; DE; FL; GA; KY; LA; MS; NC; NJ; NY; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV
[WildflowerSearch map]
Discussion

As treated here, Zigadenus densus includes Z. leimanthoides (W. W. McDearman 1984). These two entities are distinct in some parts of the range, but intergrade in size, inflorescence morphology, and flowering time in the Gulf coast region. The size of the plant (determined by age and environment) seems to affect inflorecence morphology, smaller plants bearing simple racemes and larger plants developing compound ones. Plants in more mountainous habitats develop paniculate inflorescences. Recognition of the two taxa at the varietal level may eventually be desirable.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 26, p. 86. FNA vol. 26, p. 83.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Zigadenus Liliaceae > Zigadenus
Sibling taxa
Z. brevibracteatus, Z. densus, Z. elegans, Z. exaltatus, Z. fontanus, Z. fremontii, Z. glaberrimus, Z. micranthus, Z. mogollonensis, Z. paniculatus, Z. vaginatus, Z. venenosus, Z. virescens
Z. brevibracteatus, Z. elegans, Z. exaltatus, Z. fontanus, Z. fremontii, Z. glaberrimus, Z. micranthus, Z. mogollonensis, Z. nuttallii, Z. paniculatus, Z. vaginatus, Z. venenosus, Z. virescens
Synonyms Amianthium nuttallii, Toxicoscordion nuttallii, Toxicoscordion texense, Z. texensis Melanthium densum, Amianthium angustifolium, Amianthium texanum, Helonias angustifolia, Oceanoros leimanthoides, Tracyanthus angustifolius, Tracyanthus angustifolius var. texanus, Tracyanthus texanus, Z. angustifolius, Z. leimanthoides
Name authority (A. Gray) S. Watson: Botany (Fortieth Parallel), 343. (1871) (Desrousseaux) Fernald: Rhodora 42: 254. (1940)
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