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Fremont's death camas

giant death camas

Habit Plants 1–8 dm, from bulbs; bulbs not clumped, tunicate, ovoid, 10–40 × 5–40 mm. Plants 3–10 dm, from bulbs; bulbs often clumped, tunicate, ovoid, 20–60 × 18–50 mm.
Leaves

proximal blades 5–50 cm × 2–30 mm.

proximal blades 18–60 cm × 3–25 mm.

Inflorescences

racemose or paniculate, 2–80-flowered, broad, proximal branches 1/3–1/2 as long as entire inflorescence, spreading at 60°–90° angle.

paniculate, 10–80-flowered, with 2–10 branches, 3–40 × 2–8 cm.

Flowers

perianth hypogynous, rotate, 15–25 mm diam.;

tepals persistent in fruit, cream colored, 5–15 × 2–6 mm, outer very short clawed, inner distinctly clawed 2 mm;

gland 1, obovate, distal margins evident, dentate;

filaments straight, shorter than tepals, thickened proximally;

pedicel ascending in flower to perpendicular to stem in fruit, 10–50 mm, bracts green, somewhat falcate, 5–50 mm.

perianth hypogynous, 12–20 mm diam.;

tepals persistent in fruit, cream colored, elliptic to ovate, 5–10 × 2–4 mm, outer not clawed, often persistently reflexed below mature capsule;

gland 1, obovate, distal margins evident, dentate;

filaments straight, shorter than tepals, thickened proximally;

pedicel ascending in flower, perpendicular to stem in fruit, 10–35 mm, bracts green and foliaceous to white and membranous, 3–25 mm.

Capsules

8–30 × 4–11 mm.

9–20 × 4–9 mm.

2n

= 22.

= 22.

Zigadenus fremontii

Zigadenus exaltatus

Phenology Flowering Feb–Jun. Flowering Apr–Jun.
Habitat Coastal and inland, central valley grassland chaparral, mixed evergreen forests Sierra Nevada foothill woodlands, yellow pine forests
Elevation 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) 0–1200 m (0–3900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR; Mexico (Baja California)
[WildflowerSearch map]
from FNA
CA
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 85. FNA vol. 26, p. 86.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Zigadenus Liliaceae > Zigadenus
Sibling taxa
Z. brevibracteatus, Z. densus, Z. elegans, Z. exaltatus, Z. fontanus, Z. glaberrimus, Z. micranthus, Z. mogollonensis, Z. nuttallii, Z. paniculatus, Z. vaginatus, Z. venenosus, Z. virescens
Z. brevibracteatus, Z. densus, Z. elegans, Z. fontanus, Z. fremontii, Z. glaberrimus, Z. micranthus, Z. mogollonensis, Z. nuttallii, Z. paniculatus, Z. vaginatus, Z. venenosus, Z. virescens
Synonyms Anticlea fremontii, Toxicoscordion fremontii, Toxicoscordion fremontii var. minor, Z. fremontii var. inezianus, Z. fremontii var. salsus Toxicoscordion exaltatum
Name authority (Torrey) Torrey ex S. Watson: Botany (Fortieth Parallel), 343. (1871) Eastwood: Bot. Gaz. 41: 283. (1906)
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