Zigadenus fremontii |
Zigadenus densus |
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Fremont's death camas |
black snakeroot, crow poison, Osceola's plume, pine-barren death camas |
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Habit | Plants 1–8 dm, from bulbs; bulbs not clumped, tunicate, ovoid, 10–40 × 5–40 mm. | Plants 4–20 dm, from bulbs; bulbs not clumped, tunicate, ovoid, 0.5–2 × 1–2 cm. |
Leaves | proximal blades 5–50 cm × 2–30 mm. |
proximal blades 10–50 cm × 2–12 mm. |
Inflorescences | racemose or paniculate, 2–80-flowered, broad, proximal branches 1/3–1/2 as long as entire inflorescence, spreading at 60°–90° angle. |
racemose or paniculate, 40–100-flowered, cylindrical, 4–15 × 2.5–5 cm. |
Flowers | perianth hypogynous, rotate, 15–25 mm diam.; tepals persistent in fruit, cream colored, 5–15 × 2–6 mm, outer very short clawed, inner distinctly clawed 2 mm; gland 1, obovate, distal margins evident, dentate; filaments straight, shorter than tepals, thickened proximally; pedicel ascending in flower to perpendicular to stem in fruit, 10–50 mm, bracts green, somewhat falcate, 5–50 mm. |
perianth hypogynous, 5–10 mm diam.; tepals persistent in fruit, cream colored to greenish, ovate to elliptic, 3–5 mm, narrowed but not sharply contracted basally; gland 1, obscure; pedicel 1–2 cm, bracts often tinged with red, lanceolate, 2–12 mm. |
Capsules | 8–30 × 4–11 mm. |
narrowly conic, 10–20 mm. |
2n | = 22. |
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Zigadenus fremontii |
Zigadenus densus |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Jun. | Flowering mid Mar–Jul. |
Habitat | Coastal and inland, central valley grassland chaparral, mixed evergreen forests | Pine bogs, flatlands |
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | 0–1800 m (0–5900 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; Mexico (Baja California)
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AL; DE; FL; GA; KY; LA; MS; NC; NJ; NY; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV
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Discussion | As treated here, Zigadenus densus includes Z. leimanthoides (W. W. McDearman 1984). These two entities are distinct in some parts of the range, but intergrade in size, inflorescence morphology, and flowering time in the Gulf coast region. The size of the plant (determined by age and environment) seems to affect inflorecence morphology, smaller plants bearing simple racemes and larger plants developing compound ones. Plants in more mountainous habitats develop paniculate inflorescences. Recognition of the two taxa at the varietal level may eventually be desirable. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 26, p. 85. | FNA vol. 26, p. 83. |
Parent taxa | Liliaceae > Zigadenus | Liliaceae > Zigadenus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Anticlea fremontii, Toxicoscordion fremontii, Toxicoscordion fremontii var. minor, Z. fremontii var. inezianus, Z. fremontii var. salsus | Melanthium densum, Amianthium angustifolium, Amianthium texanum, Helonias angustifolia, Oceanoros leimanthoides, Tracyanthus angustifolius, Tracyanthus angustifolius var. texanus, Tracyanthus texanus, Z. angustifolius, Z. leimanthoides |
Name authority | (Torrey) Torrey ex S. Watson: Botany (Fortieth Parallel), 343. (1871) | (Desrousseaux) Fernald: Rhodora 42: 254. (1940) |
Web links |