Zeltnera arizonica |
Gentianaceae |
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Arizona centaury, Arizona Mountain centaury, marsh centaury |
gentian family |
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Habit | Herbs annual or biennial, (10–)20–50(–60) cm. | Herbs [shrubs, trees], annual, biennial, or perennial, autotrophic, with green stems and leaves, or mycotrophic; when strongly mycotrophic, stems and leaves weakly chlorophyllous (only in Bartonia) or yellowish, whitish, purplish, or buff, or lacking chlorophyll (only in Voyria). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | 1–10, usually branching ± sparsely near or above middle. |
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Leaves | basal usually present at flowering, sometimes numerous; blade oblanceolate to lanceolate, (7–)15–70 × 4–10 mm; cauline blades lanceolate to oblanceolate, (13–)25–70 × (2–)5–8(–13) mm, apex obtuse to acute. |
cauline, often also basal, opposite, whorled, or rarely alternate, sessile or petiolate, simple; stipules absent [rarely present as ocreae]; blade margins entire. |
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Inflorescences | predominantly dichasial or distally monochasial cymes; pedicels 4–40(–60) mm. |
cymes (sometimes racemoid, spicoid, or capitate), thyrses, or verticillasters, or solitary flowers; flowers pedicellate or sessile. |
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Flowers | 5-merous; calyx 7–12 mm; corolla (15–)18–25 mm, lobes (linear to) lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate or elliptic, 7–12 × 1–5 mm, apex acute; anthers 2.5–3.5 mm; stigmas 2, fan-shaped. |
bisexual or occasionally some unisexual [all unisexual on some or all plants], homostylous [heterostylous], protandrous and outbreeding or less often homogamous and autogamous, radially [somewhat bilaterally] symmetric, 4–12(–14)-merous [rarely 3-, 6-, or 16-merous] except for carpels; perianth hypogynous, calyx and usually corolla persistent; calyx green or occasionally ± hyaline (absent in Obolaria), sepals connate or some [or all] nearly distinct, lobes imbricate in bud, often ± unequal, colleters often present adaxially near base; corolla petaloid, petals connate, lobes contorted in bud or rarely imbricate (Obolaria, Voyria), spurs present only in Halenia, 1 per petal; stamens epipetalous, isomerous and alternate with petals, all fertile [rarely some sterile], equal [unequal]; filaments free or connected by a corona; anthers 2-locular, dehiscing longitudinally [with terminal pores], remaining straight, recurving, or coiling helically or circinately, distinct or (only in some spp. |
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Fruits | capsular, dehiscence septicidal or rarely rupturing irregularly (Obolaria) [indehiscent capsules, berries]. |
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Seeds | dark reddish brown. |
few–very many, usually sessile; endosperm abundant and embryo small in autotrophic species, endosperm scant and embryo undifferentiated in completely mycotrophic species (Voyria). |
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Of | Gentiana) coherent; pistil 1, 2-carpellate; ovary 1[or 2]-locular; placentae 2, parietal [axile]; style present or absent, erect or initially deflexed to one side [declinate], uncleft, shallowly 2-cleft, or deeply cleft (Sabatia); stigmas 1 or 2, coiling only in Sabatia, decurrent on ovary (only in Lomatogonium, sometimes slightly so in Bartonia). |
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2n | = 24, 40. |
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Zeltnera arizonica |
Gentianaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–fall. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Stream banks, marshes, other moist, open habitats. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 50–2800 m. (200–9200 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; NM; NV; TX; UT; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora)
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nearly worldwide |
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Discussion | Zeltnera arizonica and Z. calycosa appear to intergrade in western Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, as noted by C. R. Broome (1973), and have often been treated as varieties of a single species. Zeltnera arizonica was subsumed in undivided Centaurium calycosum by N. H. Holmgren (1984b), who attributed its allegedly distinguishing features largely to environmental effects, whereas B. L. Turner (1993d) considered the resemblance between these taxa to be superficial and Z. arizonica (as Centaurium) appropriately recognized at species rank. From studies for this flora, acceptance of this species seems warranted. In Zeltnera arizonica, the relatively sparse branches generally spread at 10–20°, whereas in Z. calycosa the usually denser branches spread at 20–60°. Zeltnera arizonica is highly variable in the proportionate width of its corolla lobes. Some plants in the western part of its range resemble Z. exaltata vegetatively but differ in having corolla lobes much longer in proportion to the tube. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera ca. 100, species ca. 1800 (18 genera, 112 species in the flora). In the tribal classification by L. Struwe et al. (2002), genera 1–7 in this flora are in tribe Chironieae Dumortier, subtribe Chironiinae G. Don. Species of Chironieae generally lack nectaries, although Sabatia reportedly has indistinct nectaries at the base of the ovary. Genera 8–17 are in tribe Gentianeae Dumortier. Gentiana, in which the nectaries are on the gynophore, is in subtribe Gentianinae G. Don; the remaining genera of the Gentianeae in the flora area, all of which have epipetalous nectaries, are in subtribe Swertiinae Grisebach. Voyria constitutes the monogeneric tribe Voyrieae Gilg, in which the nectaries (when present) are on the ovary or the gynophore. Pedicel lengths given here refer to the true pedicels, between the most distal pair of bracts or bractlets and the calyx. In some genera, notably Centaurium, Sabatia, and Zeltnera, a flower terminating the ultimate branch of an inflorescence, directly subtended by bractlets, although sessile by this definition, may appear pedicellate. Corolla lengths as given are from the receptacle to the apices of the lobes (or plicae in Gentiana andrewsii). The Gentianaceae include many species esteemed in ornamental horticulture. In addition to those noted under the respective genera, the more important species in North American horticulture include Exacum affine Balfour f. ex Regel, Persian-violet, native to the island of Socotra, Yemen, which is widely grown as a florists’ pot plant. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Gentianaceae > Zeltnera | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Erythraea calycosa var. arizonica, Centaurium arizonicum, C. calycosum var. arizonicum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (A. Gray) G. Mansion: Taxon 53: 733. (2004) | Jussieu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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