Zea mays
Zea diploperennis
corn, cultivated corn
diploperennial teosinte
(0.5)1-3(6) m tall, (0.5)1-5 cm thick.
1-3.5 m tall, (1)2-3 cm thick, solitary or in large clumps.
mostly 30-90 cm long, 2.5-12 cm wide.
usually to 40 cm long, 4-5.5 cm wide, linear-lanceolate.
concealed in fruitcases (wild taxa) or exposed (domesticated taxon);
fruitcases of wild taxa distichous, triangular in side view; domesticated taxon without fruitcases, glumes reduced and shallow or collapsed and embedded in the rachis.
concealed by the lower glumes.
inflorescences rames or spikes, usually shortly pedunculate (sometimes sessile), solitary, 4-30(40) cm long, (0.5)1-10 cm thick, with 2 or more rows of paired spikelets, hence the spikelets 4 or more ranked, rarely terminating in an unbranched staminate inflorescence.
peduncles (1)2-4(5) per node, 5-25(52) cm, the 3-5 longer peduncles extending far beyond the subtending leaf sheaths, each peduncle with 1(2) pistillate rames; pistillate rames 5-10 cm long, 4-5 mm thick, distichous, with 5-10 solitary spikelets, frequently not enclosed in a leaf sheath;
fruitcases trapezoidal in side view, 6-9 mm on the long side, 2.5-4.5 mm on the short side, 4-5 mm in diameter.
panicles 10-25+ cm, with 1-60(235) branches, internodes 1.5-8.2 mm;
spikelets 9-14 mm long, 2.5-5 mm wide;
lower glumes rounded dorsally, flexible, translucent, papery, loosely enclosing the upper glumes, the 2 lateral veins subequal to the others, not winged.
staminate panicles 6-18 cm, with 2-15 branches;
branches 6-15 cm, erect to divergent, internodes 2-6 mm;
spikelets 8.5-11.5 mm long, about 3 mm wide, densely imbricate;
lower glumes flat dorsally, stiff, not translucent, margins tightly enclosing the upper glumes, the 2 principal sublateral veins prominently keeled and apically winged.
= 20.
= 20.
Zea mays
Zea diploperennis
Of the five subspecies of Zea mays, only the domesticated subspecies, Z. mays subsp. mays, is widely grown outside of research programs. Three wild subspecies are treated here, albeit briefly, because of their importance as genetic resources for Z. mays subsp. mays.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Zea diploperennis, although locally abundant, is rare in the wild, being known only from a few populations in the Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco, Mexico. It grows at elevations of 1400-2400 m, sometimes forming large clones or extensive colonies in old maize fields and on the edges of oak-pine cloud forests. It is grown for genetic research and plant breeding in many countries and occasionally as an ornamental plant in warmer parts of the contiguous United States. It hybridizes infrequently with Z. mays subsp. mays in its native range.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Pistillate inflorescences cylindrical spikes, 2-5(10) cm thick, with 8-24+ rows of spikelets pairs, each inflorescence tightly and permanently enclosed by several leaf sheaths and a large prophyll, not disarticulating at maturity; caryopses 60-1000+, not concealed by the glumes; staminate panicle branches not disarticulating below the sessile spikelets, lacking abscission layers; central axis of the staminate panicles polystichous, much thicker than the lateral branches; obligate domesticate | subsp. mays |
1. Pistillate inflorescences cylindrical, distichous rames, less than 1 cm thick, with 2 rows of spikelet pairs, each rame usually enclosed by a single leaf sheath and a prophyll, disarticulating at maturity into fruitcases; caryopses 4-15, each one concealed within a fruitcase; staminate panicles composed of rames that disarticulate below the sessile spikelets and have evident abscission layers; central axis of the staminate panicles similar in width to the rames; in the Flora region, wild taxa are known only from research plantings. | → 2 |
2. Staminate spikelets (6.6)7.5-10.5 mm long; fruitcases 6-10 mm long, 4-6 mm wide; staminate panicles with 1-35+ ascending to divergent, rather stiff branches | subsp. mexicana |
2. Staminate spikelets 4.6-7.2(7.9) mm long; fruitcases 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; staminate panicles usually with 10-100(235) divergent to nodding branches. | → 3 |
3. Leaves pubescent; staminate panicles with (2)10-100(235) branches | subsp. parviglumis |
3. Leaves glabrous or almost so; staminate panicles usually with fewer than 40 branches | subsp. huehuetenangensis |
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