Flora of North America species comparison

(0.2)0.5-6 m tall, 1-5 cm thick, solitary or several to many together, monopodial, often branching (branches frequently highly reduced and hidden within the subtending leaf sheath), usually succulent when young, becoming woody with age;

lower nodes with prop roots;

internodes pith-filled.

annual, usually solid, sometimes somewhat woody, sometimes decumbent, often branched above the base.

not aromatic, cauline, distichous;

sheaths open;

auricles sometimes present;

ligules membranous, shortly ciliate;

blades 2-12 cm wide, flat.

distichous;

sheaths usually open;

auricles usually absent;

abaxial ligules usually absent, occasionally present as a line of hairs;

adaxial ligules membranous, sometimes also ciliate, or of hairs, sometimes absent;

blades sometimes pseudopetiolate;

mesophyll radiate or non-radiate;

adaxial palisade layer absent;

fusoid cells usually absent;

arm cells usually absent;

kranz anatomy absent or present;

midribs usually simple, rarely complex;

adaxial bulliform cells present;

stomata with triangular or dome-shaped subsidiary cells;

bicellular microhairs usually present, with a long, narrow distal cell;

papillae absent or present.

ebracteate (Paniceae) or bracteate (most Andropogoneae) panicles, racemes, spikes, or complex arrangements of rames (in the Andropogoneae), usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual;

disarticulation usually below the glumes, frequently in the secondary and higher order axes of the inflorescences.

bisexual or unisexual, frequently paired or in triplets, the members of each unit usually with pedicels of different lengths or 1 spikelet sessile.

usually 2, equal or unequal, shorter or longer than the adjacent florets, sometimes exceeding the distal florets;

florets 2(-4), usually dorsally compressed, sometimes terete or laterally compressed;

lower florets sterile or staminate, frequently reduced to a lemma;

upper florets usually bisexual;

lemmas hyaline to coriaceous, lacking uncinate hairs, often terminally awned;

awns single;

paleas of bisexual florets well-developed, reduced, or absent;

lodicules usually 2, sometimes absent, cuneate, free, fleshy, usually glabrous;

anthers 1-3;

ovaries usually glabrous;

haustorial synergids absent;

style branches 2, free and close or fused at the base.

subspherical to dorsally compressed;

hila round;

embryos about 2/3 as long as the caryopses.

hila usually punctate;

endosperm hard, without lipid;

starch grains simple;

embryos large in relation to the caryopses, usually waisted;

epiblasts usually absent;

scutellar cleft present;

mesocotyl internode elongated;

embryonic leaf margins usually overlapping, rarely just meeting, x = 5, (7), 9, 10, (12), (14).

or partially pistillate inflorescences terminal on axillary branches;

staminate inflorescences (tassels) paniculate, of 1-many branches or rames, sometimes with secondary and tertiary branching.;

pistillate spikelets solitary, sessile, with 1 floret;

pedicels and pedicellate spikelets suppressed;

lower glumes exceeding the floret, indurate on the central, exposed portion, hyaline on the margins, concealing the caryopses at maturity.;

pistillate spikelets in subsessile pairs, each spikelet with 1 functional floret;

glumes shorter than the spikelets, indurate basally, hyaline distally;

lower florets suppressed.

TAXA: Pistillate inflorescences solitary, distichous rames (ears), these often tightly clustered in false panicles, each usually wholly or partially enclosed by a thin prophyll and an equally thin bladeless leaf sheath;

rames composed of 5-15 spikelets in 2 ranks;

disarticulation in the rame axes, dispersal units (fruitcases) consisting of an indurate, shiny rame segment and its embedded spikelet.;

wild TAXA: Staminate panicles terminal on the culms and primary branches, sometimes also on the secondary branches and pistillate inflorescences;

rames distichous, similar in thickness and structure, axes disarticulating below the sessile spikelets after pollination, abscission layers evident.

TAXON: Pistillate inflorescences solitary, polystichous spikes (ears) terminating reduced branches, each spike surrounded by several to many, often bladeless leaf sheaths and a prophyll (husks), with 60-1000+ spikelets in 8-24 rows, neither spikes nor spikelets disarticulating at maturity.; domesticated TAXON: Staminate panicles terminal on the culms, central axes always much thicker than the lateral branches and irregularly polystichous, lateral branches distichous to more or less polystichous, not disarticulating, without abscission layers below the sessile spikelets.

TAXA: lemmas and paleas hyaline, unawned;

lodicules absent;

ovaries glabrous;

styles (silks) 2, appearing solitary by being fused except at the very tip, filamentous, sides stigmatic.; all TAXA: Staminate spikelets in sessile-pedicellate pairs, each with 2 staminate florets;

glumes membranous to chartaceous, stiff to flexible, sometimes with a pair of winged keels, 5-14(28)-veined, acute;

lemmas and paleas hyaline;

lodicules 2;

anthers 3.

= 10.