Xanthium spinosum |
Xanthium strumarium |
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clotbur, lampourde épineuse, spiny clotbur, spiny cocklebur, spiny cockleburr |
Canada cocklebur, cocklebur, common cocklebur, lampourde glouteron, rough cocklebur, rough cockleburr |
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Habit | Plants 10–60(–120+) cm; nodal spines usually in pairs, simple or 2–3-partite, 15–30+ mm. | Plants 10–80(–200) cm; nodal spines 0. |
Leaves | petioles 1–15(–25+) mm; blades ± ovate to lanceolate or lance-linear, 4–8(–12+) × 1–3(–5+) cm, often pinnately 3(–7+)-lobed, abaxial faces gray to white, densely strigose. |
petioles 20–100(–140+) mm; blades suborbiculate to ± pentagonal or deltate, 4–12(–18+) × 3–10(–18+) cm, sometimes palmately 3–5-lobed, abaxial faces green, hirtellous. |
Burs | 10–12(–15+) mm. |
10–30+ mm. |
2n | = 36. |
= 36. |
Xanthium spinosum |
Xanthium strumarium |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jul–Oct. | Flowering Jul–Oct. |
Habitat | Damp or seasonally wet, alkaline soils, waste places, margins of agriculture | Damp or seasonally wet, often alkaline, soils, waste places, margins of agriculture |
Elevation | 10–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | 10–2000 m (0–6600 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WV; NB; ON; QC; SK; Mexico; Central America; South America; widely established in Old World
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Mexico; Central America; South America [Widely introduced in Old World]
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Discussion | Some authors have contended that Xanthium spinosum originated in South America and is introduced and/or naturalized everywhere else that it is found. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Recognition of a dozen or more taxa (treated as species, subspecies, varieties, and/or forms) has been proposed for plants treated together here as Xanthium strumarium. Bases for the various taxa mostly involved subtle differences in the burs. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 19. | FNA vol. 21, p. 19. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Ambrosiinae > Xanthium | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Ambrosiinae > Xanthium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | X. ambrosioides, X. spinosum var. inerme | X. americanum, X. chasei, X. chinense, X. curvescens, X. cylindricum, X. echinatum, X. echinellum, X. globosum, X. inflexum, X. italicum, X. orientale, X. oviforme, X. pensylvanicum, X. speciosum, X. strumarium var. canadense, X. strumarium var. glabratum, X. varians, X. wootonii |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 987. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 987. (1753) |
Web links |
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