Woodsia ilvensis |
Dryopteridaceae |
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oblong woodsia, rusty cliff fern, rusty woodsia, woodsie de l'île d'elbe |
wood fern family |
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Habit | Plants perennial, terrestrial or on rock, occasionally hemiepiphytic or epiphytic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | compact, erect to ascending, with abundant persistent petiole bases of ± equal length; scales uniformly brown, lanceolate. |
creeping to erect, rarely arborescent, sometimes climbing, branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing scales. |
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Leaves | 4.5–25 × 1.2–3.5 cm. |
circinate in bud, monomorphic or dimorphic. |
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Petiole | usually brown or dark purple when mature, articulate above base at swollen node, relatively brittle and easily shattered. |
usually not articulate to stem, scales usually persistent at base, in cross section with 2–many roundish bundles, or bundles 2 and lunate. |
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Blade | narrowly lanceolate, usually 2-pinnate proximally, lacking glands, never viscid; rachis usually with abundant hairs and scales. |
simple to commonly 1–5-pinnate or more divided, leaf buds absent or present. |
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Pinnae | ovate-lanceolate to deltate, longer than wide, abruptly tapered to a rounded or broadly acute apex; largest pinnae with 4–9 pairs of pinnules; abaxial surface with mixture of hairs and linear-lanceolate scales, adaxial surface with multicellular hairs concentrated along midrib. |
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Indusia | of narrow, hairlike segments, these uniseriate throughout, composed of cells many times longer than wide, usually surpassing mature sporangia. |
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Sori | borne abaxially on veins or at vein tips (but usually not marginal), or sporangia acrostichoid and covering abaxial surface, if in discrete sori then variously shaped (round, oblong, or elongate); receptacle not or only slightly elevated, with or without indusium, indusium variously linear, falcate, or reniform, sometimes hoodlike, cuplike, or round. |
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Sporangia | with stalk of 2–3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk. |
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Spores | averaging 39–46 µm. 2n = 82. |
all of 1 kind, usually not green (except Matteuccia, Onoclea), oblong or reniform in outline, monolete, variously ornamented (often broadly winged), 64 per sporangium (32 in apogamous spp.). |
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Gametophytes | green, aboveground, cordate, glabrous or often bearing glands or hairs; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled. |
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Pinnules | entire or crenate, rarely shallowly lobed; margins nonlustrous, thin, ciliate with multicellular hairs, lacking translucent projections. |
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Vein(s) | tips frequently enlarged to form whitish hydathodes visible adaxially. |
pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments, simple or forked, free or anastomosing, areoles sometimes with included free veinlets. |
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Indument | on blade commonly of glands, hairs, and/or scales, especially on rachis and costae abaxially. |
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Woodsia ilvensis |
Dryopteridaceae |
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Phenology | Sporulating summer–early fall. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Cliffs and rocky slopes, found on variety of substrates including serpentine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AK; CT; IA; IL; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; WV; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; n Eurasia
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Worldwide |
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Discussion | Although generally separable by the characters given in the key, shade forms of Woodsia ilvensis with a reduced number of scales and hairs are occasionally misidentified as W. alpina. The morphologic distinctions between these species are further blurred by natural hybridization, which produces the intermediate triploid known as W. × gracilis. Some of the best characters for distinguishing these taxa are spore size and morphology. Spores average less than 46 µm in W. ilvensis, more than 46 µm in W. alpina, and are malformed and abortive in W. × gracilis. Woodsia ilvensis also hybridizes with W. oregana subsp. cathcartiana to form the sterile triploid W. × abbeae (F. S. Wagner 1987). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The family Dryopteridaceae has been variously circumscribed; it is here delimited in a manner similar to that of R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982) but with the inclusion of Nephrolepis. In many works, the family has gone under the illegitimate name Aspidiaceae. Some authorities define Dryopteridaceae more narrowly, to exclude Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium, Cystopteris, and Gymnocarpium (Athyriaceae or Woodsiaceae), Woodsia (Woodsiaceae), Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae), Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae or Davalliaceae), Onoclea and Matteuccia (Onocleaceae), and Ctenitis and Tectaria (Tectariaceae). Characteristics holding Dryopteridaceae (as circumscribed here) together include the bilateral, monolete spores, often broadly winged perispore, absence of needlelike hairs, scaly stem and petiole bases, abaxial (nonmarginal) sori, base chromosome number of 40 or 41 (also 38 and 39 in Woodsia, 37 in Onoclea, 42 in Cystopteris), and usually indusiate sori. Loss of indusium, dimorphism, areolate venation, and reduced blade dissection have occurred repeatedly along many evolutionary lines in Dryopteridaceae, and in general these characteristics are often not very useful in delimiting genera or assessing intergeneric relationships. In some genera, especially Phanerophlebia and Polystichum, the blade bears very narrow scales (sometimes called microscales) that resemble uniseriate hairs. These scales may be only one or two cells wide. Every intergradation exists between these filiform microscales and more typical, wider scales, and the two types are the same color, generally tan to brownish. Microscales are probably not homologous with true hairs, which may be either unicellular or multicellular, uncolored or sometimes reddish (as in Tectaria and Ctenitis), glandular (as in Woodsia) or not. Hairs in Dryopteridaceae, if present at all, are generally readily distinguishable from the needlelike, transparent ones found in Thelypteridaceae. Genera ca. 60, species perhaps exceeding 3000 (18 genera, 79 species in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 2. | FNA vol. 2, p. 246. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Dryopteridaceae > Woodsia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | Acrostichum ilvense | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Linnaeus) R. Brown: Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 11: 173. (1813) | Herter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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