Vitis vulpina |
Vitaceae |
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chicken grape, fox grape, frost grape, vigne des renards, wild grape, winter grape |
grape family |
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Habit | Plants moderate to high climbing, sparsely branched. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Branches | bark exfoliating in shreds; nodal diaphragms 1–2.5 mm thick; branchlets gray to green or brown, if purplish only on one side, terete, glabrous, growing tips not enveloped by unfolding leaves, glabrous or sparsely hairy; tendrils along length of branchlets, persistent, branched, tendrils (or inflorescences) at only 2 consecutive nodes; nodes not red-banded. |
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Leaves | stipules 1.5–3 mm; petiole ± equaling blade; blade cordate, (5–)9–18 cm, usually unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes deeply lobed on ground shoots, apex acute to short acuminate, abaxial surface not glaucous, glabrous, visible, veins and vein axils sometimes hirtellous, adaxial surface usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hirtellous. |
alternate, simple or palmately or pinnately compound; stipules present; petiole present; blade often palmately lobed, margins dentate, serrate, or crenate; venation palmate or pinnate. |
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Inflorescences | 9–19 cm. |
bisexual or functionally unisexual, axillary or terminal and appearing leaf-opposed, cymes or thryses [spikes]. |
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Flowers | functionally unisexual. |
bisexual or unisexual; perianth and androecium hypogynous; hypanthium absent; sepals 4–5(–9), connate most or all of length; petals (3–)4–5(–9), distinct (connate distally, forming calyptra, in Vitis) [connate basally], valvate, free; nectary intrastaminal; stamens (3–)4–5(–9), opposite petals, distinct; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; staminodes present in functionally pistillate flowers; pistil 1, 2[–3]-carpellate, ovary superior, 2[–3]-locular, placentation axile, sometimes appearing parietal; ovules 2 per locule, apotropous or anatropous; style 1; stigma 1 [4]. |
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Fruits | berries. |
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Berries | black, usually not, sometimes very slightly, glaucous, globose, 8–12 mm diam., skin separating from pulp; lenticels absent. |
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Seeds | 1–4 per fruit. |
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Vines | or lianas, occasionally shrubby [trees], synoecious, dioecious, or polygamomonoecious; commonly with multicellular, stalked, caducous, spheric structures (pearl glands); tendrils usually present, rarely absent. |
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2n | = 38. |
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Vitis vulpina |
Vitaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering May; fruiting Jul–Aug. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Upland forests, floodplain forests, woodland borders, prairies, fencerows, thickets, roadsides. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WV; ON
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North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Eurasia; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australia; primarily tropical and subtropical with a few genera in warm temperate to temperate regions |
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Discussion | Genera 15, species ca. 900 (6 genera, 30 species in the flora). In the past decade, considerable effort has been made to reconstruct the phylogeny of Vitaceae (M. Rossetto et al. 2001, 2002; M. J. Ingrouille et al. 2002; A. Soejima and Wen J. 2006; Wen et al. 2007; Ren H. et al. 2011; A. Trias-Blasi et al. 2012; Lu L. M. et al. 2013; Wen et al. 2013b; Zhang N. et al. 2015). These analyses have generally supported five major clades within Vitaceae: the Ampelopsis clade, the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade, the Parthenocissus-Yua clade, the core Cissus clade, and the Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma clade. Placentation type and ovary locule number in Vitaceae have been interpreted in different ways. Most authors state that the gynoecium is bilocular and the placentation type is axile (for example, J. E. Planchon 1887; P. K. Endress 2010), but others report the gynoecium as unilocular and refer to the placentation type as parietal (V. Puri 1952; N. C. Nair and K. V. Mani 1960). Recent anatomical studies confirm that the ovary in Vitaceae is usually bilocular [occasionally trilocular in Cayratia, or unilocular in some species of Cyphostemma (Planchon) Alston, such as Cyphostemma sandersonii (Harvey) Descoings], and that the placentation is axile, although it may sometimes appear parietal (S. M. Ickert-Bond et al. 2014). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 15. | FNA vol. 12, p. 3. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Vitaceae > Vitis > subg. Vitis | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | V. cordifolia, V. cordifolia var. sempervirens, V. illex, V. pullaria | |||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 203. (1753) | Jussieu | ||||||||||||||||||||
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