Vitis vinifera |
Vitis |
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cultivated grape, European grape, grape of commerce, wine grape |
grape, grape-vine |
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Habit | Plants sprawling to moderately high climbing, sparsely branched. | Lianas, climbing by tendrils, sprawling, or occasionally shrubby, functionally dioecious (synoecious in V. vinifera). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Branches | bark exfoliating in shreds or plates; nodal diaphragms 3–5 mm thick; branchlets terete to slightly angled, pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, growing tips not enveloped by unfolding leaves; tendrils along length of branchlets, persistent, tendrils (or inflorescences) at only 2 consecutive nodes; nodes not red-banded. |
bark exfoliating (adherent in V. rotundifolia); pith brown, interrupted by nodal diaphragms (continuous through nodes in V. rotundifolia); tendrils 2–3-branched (unbranched in V. rotundifolia), rarely absent, without adhesive discs. |
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Leaves | stipules usually more than 3.5 mm; petiole ± equaling blade; blade cordate-ovate to cordate-orbiculate, 12–20 cm, usually 3-shouldered to 3–5-lobed, sometimes deeply so, apex acute to short acuminate, abaxial surface not glaucous, sparsely pubescent to glabrate, visible through hairs, adaxial surface usually glabrous. |
simple. |
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Inflorescences | 10–20 cm. |
functionally unisexual (bisexual in V. vinifera), leaf-opposed, thyrses. |
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Flowers | bisexual. |
functionally unisexual (bisexual in V. vinifera); calyx a minute rim, entire or 5-toothed; petals (3–)5(–9), connate distally, forming calyptra; nectary free, (3–)5(–9) glands alternating with stamens; stamens usually (3–)5(–9), sometimes 0 in pistillate flowers; style conic, short. |
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Berries | usually reddish purple to nearly black, sometimes yellow-green, ± glaucous, oblong to ellipsoid, 8–25 mm diam., skin adhering to pulp; lenticels absent. |
purple or black. |
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Seeds | 1–4 per fruit. |
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x | = 10. |
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2n | = 38, 76. |
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Vitis vinifera |
Vitis |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun; fruiting Jul–Sep. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Riparian areas, disturbed sites. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; ID; MA; NH; NY; OR; PA; WA; BC; Europe [Introduced in North America]
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North America; Mexico; Central America; West Indies; n South America; Eurasia [Introduced nearly worldwide] |
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Discussion | Vitis vinifera and cultivars formed by hybridization between it and native North American species or through selection are cultivated in Europe, many parts of the United States and southern Canada, and parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia; these have been reported persisting from cultivation (for example, in California, Utah, and Virginia) and occasionally escaping. Some specimens keying here may represent naturally occurring hybrids between native species and V. vinifera or its hybrid cultivars. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 70 (19, including 3 hybrids, in the flora). Vitis is nearly restricted to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with one extremely variable species (V. tiliifolia Humboldt & Bonpland ex Schultes) extending into northern South America. The North American species of Vitis are of considerable economic importance and have played a significant part in commercial viticulture over the last century. The introduction of native North American species into France in the mid 1800s led to the introduction of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, an insect to which the grape of commerce (V. vinifera) is susceptible. Many European vineyards were virtually destroyed by the 1860s. The reconstruction of the European vineyards was made possible by using native North American species, many of which are resistant to grape phylloxera, as rootstocks for and in hybridizations with V. vinifera. Native North American species of Vitis have also played a major role in establishing viticulture as an industry in North America, particularly in areas other than California and Oregon, such as Florida, New York, North Carolina, Ontario, Texas, and Virginia. Two subgenera of Vitis commonly have been recognized. Subgenus Vitis, which includes the majority of species, is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; subg. Muscadinia, with two species, is restricted to the southeastern United States, the West Indies, and Mexico (G. K. Brizicky 1965; Wen J. 2007). J. K. Small (1903) elevated subg. Muscadinia to generic rank, a treatment followed by some authors, for example A. S. Weakley et al. (2012). However, a recent phylogenetic study of the Vitis-Ampelocissus clade by Liu X. Q. et al. (2015) showed that the Central American Ampelocissus erdvendbergianus Planchon is sister to Vitis and that subg. Muscadinia and subg. Vitis are sister groups. To maintain the monophyly of Vitis and Ampelocissus, A. erdvendbergianus needs to be transferred to Vitis. Recognizing Muscadinia as a distinct genus would require description of a monospecific new genus for A. erdvendbergianus; it makes better sense to maintain a broadly circumscribed Vitis. In the key and descriptions that follow, nodal diaphragm thickness is in the current year's growth, leaf blade pubescence is on fully mature leaves unless otherwise noted, and berry diameter is of 3–4-seeded berries. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 8. | FNA vol. 12, p. 4. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Vitaceae > Vitis > subg. Vitis | Vitaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | Muscadinia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 202. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 202. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 95. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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