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mustang grape

grape family

Habit Plants high climbing, sparsely branched.
Branches

bark exfoliating in shreds;

nodal diaphragms 1.5–3 mm thick;

branchlets subterete to terete, densely to sparsely tomentose, growing tips not enveloped by unfolding leaves;

tendrils along length of branchlets, persistent, branched, tendrils (or inflorescences) at only 2 consecutive nodes;

nodes not red-banded.

Leaves

stipules 1.5–4 mm;

petiole 1/2–3/4 blade;

blade cordate to nearly reniform, 6–14 cm, usually unlobed but sometimes 3-shouldered or deeply 3–5 lobed, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface not glaucous, densely white to rusty tomentose, concealed (except sometimes veins) by hairs, adaxial surface floccose to glabrate.

alternate, simple or palmately or pinnately compound;

stipules present;

petiole present;

blade often palmately lobed, margins dentate, serrate, or crenate;

venation palmate or pinnate.

Inflorescences

4–10 cm.

bisexual or functionally unisexual, axillary or terminal and appearing leaf-opposed, cymes or thryses [spikes].

Flowers

functionally unisexual.

bisexual or unisexual;

perianth and androecium hypogynous;

hypanthium absent;

sepals 4–5(–9), connate most or all of length;

petals (3–)4–5(–9), distinct (connate distally, forming calyptra, in Vitis) [connate basally], valvate, free;

nectary intrastaminal;

stamens (3–)4–5(–9), opposite petals, distinct;

anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits;

staminodes present in functionally pistillate flowers;

pistil 1, 2[–3]-carpellate, ovary superior, 2[–3]-locular, placentation axile, sometimes appearing parietal;

ovules 2 per locule, apotropous or anatropous;

style 1;

stigma 1 [4].

Fruits

berries.

Berries

usually black, sometimes dark red, slightly or not glaucous, globose, 12+ mm diam., skin separating from pulp;

lenticels absent.

Seeds

1–4 per fruit.

Vines

or lianas, occasionally shrubby [trees], synoecious, dioecious, or polygamomonoecious; commonly with multicellular, stalked, caducous, spheric structures (pearl glands);

tendrils usually present, rarely absent.

2n

= 38.

Vitis mustangensis

Vitaceae

Phenology Flowering Apr–early Jun; fruiting Aug–Sep.
Habitat Woodland edges, fencerows, thickets, lowland woods, disturbed areas.
Elevation 0–700 m. (0–2300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; LA; MS; OK; TX
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Eurasia; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australia; primarily tropical and subtropical with a few genera in warm temperate to temperate regions
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

In several early publications (for example, T. V. Munson 1909), Vitis mustangensis was known as V. candicans Engelmann ex A. Gray. M. O. Moore (1991) argued that the name V. candicans is ambiguous and not identifiable with any species based on the original description, making the more recent name V. mustangensis the valid and legitimate one for this species.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera 15, species ca. 900 (6 genera, 30 species in the flora).

In the past decade, considerable effort has been made to reconstruct the phylogeny of Vitaceae (M. Rossetto et al. 2001, 2002; M. J. Ingrouille et al. 2002; A. Soejima and Wen J. 2006; Wen et al. 2007; Ren H. et al. 2011; A. Trias-Blasi et al. 2012; Lu L. M. et al. 2013; Wen et al. 2013b; Zhang N. et al. 2015). These analyses have generally supported five major clades within Vitaceae: the Ampelopsis clade, the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade, the Parthenocissus-Yua clade, the core Cissus clade, and the Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma clade.

Placentation type and ovary locule number in Vitaceae have been interpreted in different ways. Most authors state that the gynoecium is bilocular and the placentation type is axile (for example, J. E. Planchon 1887; P. K. Endress 2010), but others report the gynoecium as unilocular and refer to the placentation type as parietal (V. Puri 1952; N. C. Nair and K. V. Mani 1960). Recent anatomical studies confirm that the ovary in Vitaceae is usually bilocular [occasionally trilocular in Cayratia, or unilocular in some species of Cyphostemma (Planchon) Alston, such as Cyphostemma sandersonii (Harvey) Descoings], and that the placentation is axile, although it may sometimes appear parietal (S. M. Ickert-Bond et al. 2014).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaves 2–3-pinnately compound.
Nekemias
1. Leaves simple or palmately compound.
→ 2
2. Pith brown; petals connate distally, forming calyptra; bark exfoliating (adherent in Vitis rotundifolia).
Vitis
2. Pith white; petals distinct; bark adherent.
→ 3
3. Petals 4; stamens 4.
→ 4
4. Inflorescences leaf-opposed; seeds 1(–4) per fruit.
Cissus
4. Inflorescences axillary; seeds 2–4 per fruit.
Causonis
3. Petals 5; stamens 5.
→ 5
5. Tendrils 2-branched; nectaries cup-shaped, adnate proximally to base of ovary, free distally; styles elongate, cylindric.
Ampelopsis
5. Tendrils 3–12-branched; nectaries annular, adnate to base of ovary, or absent; styles short, conic.
Parthenocissus
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 10. FNA vol. 12, p. 3. Authors: Michael O. Moore†, Jun Wen.
Parent taxa Vitaceae > Vitis > subg. Vitis
Sibling taxa
V. acerifolia, V. aestivalis, V. arizonica, V. californica, V. cinerea, V. girdiana, V. labrusca, V. monticola, V. palmata, V. riparia, V. rotundifolia, V. rupestris, V. shuttleworthii, V. vinifera, V. vulpina, V. ×champinii, V. ×doaniana, V. ×novae-angliae
Subordinate taxa
Ampelopsis, Causonis, Cissus, Nekemias, Parthenocissus, Vitis
Synonyms V. candicans var. diversa, V. mustangensis var. diversa
Name authority Buckley: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13: 451. (1862) Jussieu
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