Viola
Viola vallicola
pansy, violet
sagebrush violet, valley violet, valley yellow violet, yellow prairie violet, yellow sagebrush violet
usually deciduous and withering at end of season, 0–5(–10+), erect to ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, simple, [woody], leafy;
from horizontal or vertical, thick, fleshy or subligneous, shallow or deep-seated rhizome (caudex);
or from narrow or thick rhizomes;
or spreading, thin stolons;
or slender taproots in annual species and seedlings; in caulescent species, short, axillary branches are sometimes present on main stems.
1–5, decumbent or ascending to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrate to puberulent, on caudex from usually vertical, subligneous rhizome.
alternate on caulescent species, simple (compound in V. beckwithii, V. douglasii, V. hallii, V. sheltonii, and V. trinervata), petiolate;
caulescent plants with 0–11(–22) basal leaves per caudex, acaulescent plants with 1–12(–18) leaves per rhizome, prostrate to erect;
stipules adnate to petiole or not, not leaflike (sometimes leaflike in V. lobata), unlobed, shorter than leaves (except V. arvensis, V. bicolor, and V. tricolor);
blade not overlapping basally (except occasionally in V. blanda and V. rotundifolia), ovate, reniform, deltate, orbiculate, lanceolate, spatulate, or linear, adaxial surface not mottled (except in V. hastata and V. hirsutula).
basal and cauline;
basal: 1–6;
stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, margins entire, apex of each wing free, sometimes divided into filiform processes;
petiole 3–10 cm, glabrous or puberulent;
blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–4.3 × 0.9–1.1 cm, base usually truncate, sometimes attenuate, margins entire or serrulate, sometimes sinuate, ciliate (sometimes only on proximal 1/2 of leaf), apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous or puberulent;
cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, margins ± entire, apex acute;
petiole 1.5–9.2 cm;
blade ovate or lanceolate to elliptic, 2.3–4 × 1–2 cm, length ca. 2.2 times width, base usually ± truncate to subcordate, sometimes attenuate on new leaves, margins sinuate, apex acute.
axillary (rarely umbellate in V. sagittata forma umbelliflora) from distal and proximal stem nodes in caulescent species or scapose from rhizomes or stolons in acaulescent species, 1(–3)[–5]-flowered;
peduncles not jointed;
bracteoles present.
3–11.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent.
sepals entire, equal or subequal, margins ciliate or eciliate, auriculate, auricles prominent or not;
upper 2 and lateral 2 petals showy, 5+ mm, lowest petal showy, not narrowed at middle of limb;
lateral petals and sometimes others bearded proximally with variously shaped hairs;
style bearded or beardless;
spur gibbous or elongated;
stamens connivent, but distinct, forming cone around ovary, not adherent to style, dehiscing introrsely, lower 2 filaments spurred with nectary that protrudes into petal spur; cleistogamous flowers absent or produced in summer, apetalous or petals 0 or 2(–3) and scarcely developed, stamens 2, usually adherent to style.
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm;
petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially or on both surfaces, upper 2 often brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark brown- to brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 9–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 0.8–1.2 mm;
style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary.
ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, spherical, or subglobose, glabrous, puberulent, or tomentose, sometimes muriculate.
spherical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous or finely puberulent.
6–75, spherical or ovoid, glabrous, often arillate with elaiosome.
tan, 2.1–2.2 mm, elaiosome extending beyond and covering funiculus.
= 6, 7.
= 12.
Viola
Viola vallicola
The taxonomy of Viola is often considered difficult partly because of hybridization; more than 100 named hybrids occur in the flora area. Hybrids among the blue-flowered, acaulescent species in eastern North America and among other species are well known (E. Brainerd 1924; N. H. Russell and M. Cooperrider 1955; G. L. Stebbins et al. 1963; T. S. Cooperrider 1986; L. E. McKinney 1992; H. E. Ballard 1993, 1994; A. Haines 2011).
Other factors contribute to phenotypic variation. The dimensions of leaves and stems often increase substantially between early spring and late summer (D. Klaber 1976). Stem, leaf, and flower size vary with environmental factors such as aspect, light, available soil moisture, and other edaphic conditions (Klaber; L. E. McKinney 1992).
The number of recognized taxa and the ranks attributed to taxa vary among authors (E. Brainerd 1921; N. H. Russell 1965; L. E. McKinney 1992; H. E. Ballard 1994; N. L. Gil-Ad 1997; D. B. Ward 2006).
An effort to deal with the difficulties encountered, specifically with subsect. Boreali-Americanae (W. Becker) Gil-Ad, was made by N. L. Gil-Ad (1997, 1998). Much of his species; we do not share his conclusions about some species, such as Viola hirsutula and V. subsinuata.
We do not present an infrageneric classification for Viola here. Some species complexes have been identified (for example, V. adunca, canadensis, nuttallii, palustris, and purpurea). W. Becker (1925) provided the first infrageneric classification, which was largely followed by G. K. Brizicky (1961b), a scheme largely based on style morphology. For the most part, this classification continues to be followed (T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson 2010); some of the names used to refer to species complexes (for example, Nuttallianae) were published without rank and have been incorrectly assumed to be subsections [for example, J. Clausen (1964); Marcussen and Karlsson]. Chen Y. S. et al. (2007) replaced sections with subgenera.
Branching of stems in perennial caulescent North American Viola species is uncommon and has been documented in ten species: V. adunca, V. canadensis, V. canina, V. douglasii, V. glabella, V. pedunculata, V. pinetorum, V. purpurea, V. quercetorum, and V. walteri. Branching in these species involves the development of one or more relatively short, leafy, axillary shoots on one or more stems.
The three annual species in the flora area, V. arvensis, V. bicolor, and V. tricolor, commonly branch from the base of the main stem near or at the crown and from nodes higher on the stem.
The leaves of acaulescent species develop from the rhizome. In homophyllous plants, all leaf blades are lobed from early season through late season; the depth of sinuses depends somewhat on the age of the plant. In heterophyllous plants, the earliest leaf blades are not lobed; later-season blades are lobed. E. Brainerd (1910, 1921) placed great emphasis on these morphological distinctions to differentiate Viola taxa. Like Brainerd, L. E. McKinney (1992) found these differences to be reliable taxonomic characters.
Here, the distal portion of the style is called the style head. The shape, size, position of the stigmatic surface, and degree of bearding vary among species. Differences among style heads have been used in Viola classification (W. Becker 1925; J. Clausen 1929) and in keys. Here, we report whether the style head is bearded or beardless based on reports in the literature and our observations. Of the 30 acaulescent species in the flora area, one has a bearded style; of the 43 caulescent species, 35 are always bearded, three are bearded or beardless, and five are always beardless.
Of the 73 species of Viola in the flora area, 60 are known to produce cleistogamous flowers, nine do not, and the condition in four is unknown. In some species of acaulescent A. Mayers and E. Lord (1983, 1983b) reported that pollen grains in cleistogamous flowers of V. odorata germinate in the undehisced anther sacs; the pollen tubes then penetrate the sac and grow towards the stigma. In other groups, observations suggest that pollen is released in proximity to the recurved style (T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson 2010).
Substantial research has been conducted on Viola pollination including cleistogamous flowers (A. J. Beattie 1969, 1969b, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978; Beattie and D. C. Culver 1979; A. C. Cortés-Palomec and H. E. Ballard 2006; T. M. Culley 2000, 2002; G. Davidse 1976; L. Freitas and M. Sazima 2003; C. M. Herrera 1990; A. Mayers and E. Lord 1983, 1983b). Pollinator rewards available in most Viola flowers include nectar and pollen.
Pollinators of violets include bumblebees, honeybees, solitary bees, syrphid flies, butterflies, skippers, hawkmoths, moths, and beeflies. Thrips have been reported in Viola flowers (M. S. Baker 1935) and while these insects are often observed with pollen attached to their bodies, there is currently no evidence they play a role in pollination of Viola. Due to the high frequency that thrips, aphids, and other minute insects with pollen on their bodies have been observed in Viola flowers, it seems probable that these insects sometimes effect pollination.
The three valves of Viola capsules usually are thick in perennial species and thin in annual species. The capsules of at least some species open relatively slowly, exposing the seeds. As the valves dry, they contract and squeeze the seeds causing them to be ejected (R. J. Little and G. Leiper 2012). Capsules that disperse seeds ballistically are usually on erect peduncles; capsules that passively release their seeds usually point downward (A. J. Beattie and N. Lyons 1975).
Most Viola seeds possess an outgrowth (elaiosome), or food body, of variable size that is often attractive to ants. S. Lengyel et al. (2010) estimated that over 70% of Violaceae species are myrmecochorous. Studies have been conducted on various aspects of myrmecochory in Viola (A. J. Beattie and N. Lyons 1975; R. Y. Berg 1975; D. C. Culver and Beattie 1978, 1980; Beattie and Culver 1981; G. Matlack 1994).
Violets of horticultural importance include Viola arvensis (field or wild pansy), V. odorata (English or sweet violet), V. tricolor (Johnny-jump-up), and V. ×wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenburg & Buttler (garden pansy). Over 120 species of Viola are grown as ornamentals (L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz, http://delta-intkey.com).
E. Brainerd (1908) reported that Viola chinensis G. Don (= V. patrinii de Candolle ex Gingins) was established at the New York Botanical Garden, at a residence in the District of Columbia, and in his garden in Massachusetts. It appears not to have persisted; it was not mentioned by N. Taylor (1915). A. Haines (2011) noted that reports of V. chinensis in New England were based on misidentifications of V. japonica.
Native Americans in the United States and Canada used Viola species for drugs, dyes, and food (D. E. Moerman 1998). Medicinal uses included pain relief and treatment of ailments including colds and coughs and for dermatological, gastrointestinal, eye, heart, and respiratory problems. Leaves and stems of some species were used as vegetables, usually cooked. Some tribes are reported to have soaked the seeds of corn in an infusion of violet roots before planting to repel insects.
Mature plants are often needed for identification of violets. In preparing specimens of violets, care should be taken to record data on petal and spur colors, and presence and distribution of beards on lateral and other petals, or note if lacking.
Measurements of the lowest petal in the descriptions here include the spur.
When this treatment was being finalized, Viola calcicola R. A. McCauley and H. E. Ballard was described as new. Time constraints prevented it from being incorporated. Viola calcicola is acaulescent, heterophyllous, has short, vertical rhizomes, nearly white to purple corollas, and occurs only on limestone substrates. It is endemic to the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas and New Mexico.
Species 400–600 (73 in the flora).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) distinguished two varieties of Viola vallicola based on geographic location and type of leaf flavonoids: 1) var. major (Hooker) Fabijan, occurring west of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids primarily kaempferol derivatives; and 2) var. vallicola occurring east of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids all apigenin derivatives. Fabijan et al. reported that var. major (valley violet) occurs in sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands, 400–2800 m, in Alberta, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.
M. S. Baker (1957) noted that there is only a tendency for leaves of Viola vallicola to be wide with truncate bases; on some plants only a few leaves are truncate. Images of type specimens at NY show truncate leaf bases for most basal and cauline leaves, with only some cauline leaves being attenuate. The key to V. vallicola in D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) described the cauline leaf bases as truncate with some later cauline leaves becoming cuneate. G. Davidse (1976) stated that the V. vallicola plants he studied had cordate to truncate leaf bases; he made no distinction between basal and cauline leaves. Baker stated that V. vallicola may have given rise to V. nuttallii through a doubling of its chromosomes.
Because intermediate leaf forms are found in areas where Viola vallicola and V. nuttallii are sympatric, some question the specific status of V. vallicola. No hybrids involving V. nuttallii and V. vallicola are known (D. M. Fabijan et al. 1987).
V. Harms (pers. comm.) reported that Viola vallicola is frequent in southern Saskatchewan grasslands, usually occurring with V. nuttallii and appearing the more frequent of the two.
Observed pollinators of Viola vallicola in the intermountain region include flies in the genera Bombylius Linnaeus and Eristalis Latreille (G. Davidse 1976).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Plants acaulescent | → 2 |
1. Plants caulescent | → 34 |
2. Style head bearded; Arizona. | V. umbraticola |
2. Style head beardless; not confined to Arizona | → 3 |
3. Petals deep lemon-yellow. | V. rotundifolia |
3. Petals not lemon yellow | → 4 |
4. Leaf blades lobed | → 5 |
4. Leaf blades unlobed (mid-season incised or lobed at base only in V. sagittata) | → 13 |
5. Leaf blades lobes similar in width and shape | → 6 |
5. Middle and lateral blade lobes differ in width and/or shape | → 7 |
6. All petals beardless; cleistogamous flowers absent. | V. pedata |
6. Lateral petals bearded, lowest sometimes bearded; cleistogamous flowers present. | V. pedatifida |
7. Mid-season leaf blades incised or lobed at base only. | V. sagittata |
7. Mid-season leaf blades incised or lobed throughout | → 8 |
8. Earliest leaf blades lobed (plants homophyllous), similar to mid-season blades | → 9 |
8. Earliest leaf blades unlobed, or sometimes 3-lobed (plants heterophyllous), mid-season blades lobed | → 10 |
9. Middle lobes of leaf blades lanceolate or spatulate to narrowly obovate; plants usually glabrous; sepal auricles 2–3 mm. | V. brittoniana |
9. Middle lobes of leaf blades narrowly deltate to narrowly elliptic; plants usually pubescent; sepal auricles 1–2 mm. | V. subsinuata |
10. Mid-season leaf blades with 3–5 primary lobes, middle lobe elliptic, ovate, to widely ovate. | V. palmata |
10. Mid-season leaf blades with 5–9 primary lobes, middle lobe lanceolate, spatulate, to narrowly ovate | → 11 |
11. Petioles, leaf surfaces, and peduncles rarely glabrous. | V. palmata |
11. Petioles, leaf surfaces, and peduncles rarely pubescent | → 12 |
12. Earliest leaf blades ± deltate or 3-lobed; lowest petal 10–15 mm; plants of limestone glades and barrens. | V. egglestonii |
12. Earliest leaf blades ± ovate, sometimes 3-lobed; lowest petal 15–25 mm; plants of sandy, dry or seasonally wet pine or mixed pine-deciduous woods. | V. septemloba |
13. Lowest petal spur 3–10 mm | → 14 |
13. Lowest petal spur 1–3 mm | → 17 |
14. Capsules puberulent. | V. odorata |
15. Petioles not winged. | V. selkirkii |
15. Petioles narrowly winged distally | → 16 |
16. Leaf base cordate. | V. japonica |
16. Leaf base usually truncate, sometimes ± cordate or broadly cuneate. | V. prionantha |
17. Leaf blades lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, linear, or ovate | → 18 |
17. Leaf blades ovate to broadly ovate, reniform, orbiculate, elliptic, or deltate | → 19 |
18. Leaf blades lanceolate or narrowly elliptic to nearly linear. | V. lanceolata |
18. Leaf blades elliptic to narrowly or broadly ovate. | V. primulifolia |
19. Plants stoloniferous | → 20 |
19. Plants not stoloniferous | → 23 |
20. Petals white | → 21 |
20. Petals lilac, pale blue, violet, or deep purple, sometimes nearly white | → 22 |
21. Lateral petals usually beardless; leaf blade margins serrate, ciliate or eciliate. | V. blanda |
21. Lateral petals usually bearded, rarely beardless; leaf blade margins ± entire or shallowly crenate, eciliate. | V. macloskeyi |
22. Bracteoles usually above middle of peduncle in chasmogamous flowers; leaf blade margins crenate, denticulate, or entire, ciliate or eciliate. | V. epipsila |
22. Bracteoles usually below middle of peduncle; leaf blade margins crenulate, eciliate. | V. palustris |
23. All petals beardless | → 24 |
23. Lateral 2 and sometimes also lowest petals bearded | → 25 |
24. Petals light violet on both surfaces; leaf blades ± deltate. | V. clauseniana |
24. Petals white on both surfaces; leaf blades reniform or ovate to broadly ovate or orbiculate. | V. renifolia |
25. Petals white. | V. renifolia |
25. Petals violet, light to dark blue-violet, lavender-violet, light to deep or dull reddish violet, dark purple-violet or reddish purple, or deep bluish violet, rarely white | → 26 |
26. Sepal auricles 2–6 mm | → 27 |
26. Sepal auricles 1–2 mm | → 28 |
27. Leaf blade base reniform to cordate; plants of mesic to wet habitats. | V. cucullata |
27. Leaf blade base truncate, slightly sagittate or hastate, or ± cordate; plants of dry, sandy, open woods and thickets. | V. sagittata |
28. Adaxial leaf surface with silvery strigose patches. | V. hirsutula |
28. Adaxial leaf surface without silvery strigose patches | → 29 |
29. Petioles densely pubescent | → 30 |
29. Petioles glabrous or pubescent | → 31 |
30. Leaf blades narrowly ovate to narrowly deltate; plants of wet, rocky shores of lakes and streams, meadows. | V. novae-angliae |
30. Leaf blades elliptic, ovate, or reniform; plants of sandy pine-oak or pine-oak-hickory woods and disturbed ground. | V. villosa |
31. Leaf blades ovate, broadly ovate, or reniform to broadly reniform or orbiculate | → 32 |
31. Leaf blades narrowly ovate or narrowly deltate to broadly deltate | → 33 |
32. Leaf blades somewhat fleshy, surfaces usually glabrous, grayish green or purplish green abaxially; plants of wet habitats in saturated soil; plants 5–15 cm. | V. nephrophylla |
32. Leaf blades not fleshy, surfaces usually pubescent, green abaxially; plants of dry or mesic habitats, not in saturated soil; plants 5–50 cm. | V. sororia |
33. Leaf blades sparsely pubescent, rarely glabrous adaxially; lower petal obviously bearded, rarely beardless. | V. affinis |
33. Leaf blades glabrous, rarely pubescent; lower petal beardless, rarely lightly bearded. | V. missouriensis |
34. Cauline stipules palmately lobed or pinnatifid, equaling leaf blade | → 35 |
34. Cauline stipules unlobed, shorter than leaf blade | → 37 |
35. Lateral petals ± equaling or shorter than sepals. | V. arvensis |
35. Lateral petals longer than sepals | → 36 |
36. Sepal auricles 0.5–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. | V. bicolor |
36. Sepal auricles 2–4 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers absent. | V. tricolor |
37. Leaves compound | → 38 |
37. Leaves simple | → 42 |
38. Upper 2 and lower 3 petals light golden- to deep lemon-yellow | → 39 |
38. Upper 2 petals dark reddish violet, lower 3 lilac, pale yellow, or cream, seldom white | → 40 |
39. Leaf blades ovate, lobes 1–2.5(–5) mm wide; cleistogamous flowers absent; capsules glabrous. | V. douglasii |
39. Leaf blades reniform or ovate to ± orbiculate, lobes 2–10 mm wide; cleistogamous flowers axillary; capsules glabrous or puberulent. | V. sheltonii |
40. Lower 3 petals pale yellow, cream, or ± white. | V. hallii |
40. Lower 3 petals lilac, rarely white | → 41 |
41. Abaxial leaf surface without distinct vein parallel to each margin, margins usually ciliate, surfaces usually puberulent; California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah | V. beckwithii |
41. Abaxial leaf surface usually with distinct vein parallel to each margin, margins eciliate, surfaces glabrous; Oregon, Washington. | V. trinervata |
42. Plants stoloniferous; stems prostrate, spreading | → 43 |
42. Plants not stoloniferous; stems erect, ascending, spreading, decumbent, or prostrate (sometimes later reclining to nearly prostrate in V. adunca, V. howellii) | → 44 |
43. Petals lemon-yellow; cauline stipule margins entire or sparingly toothed. | V. sempervirens |
43. Petals pale to bluish violet; cauline stipule margins laciniate. | V. walteri |
44. Petals white or cream adaxially | → 45 |
44. Petals not white or cream adaxially (sometimes almost white in V. frank-smithii; rarely white in V. adunca and V. labradorica) | → 48 |
45. Basal leaf blades orbiculate-ovate to deltate, usually shiny, leathery, base cuneate; cauline blade base cuneate | V. cuneata |
45. Basal leaf blades ovate to reniform or deltate, not shiny or leathery, base cordate, subcordate, rounded, hastate, attenuate (oblique or not), or truncate; cauline blade base cordate to truncate | → 46 |
46. Petals white or cream on both surfaces, without yellow patch basally, spur white, 3–6 mm. | V. striata |
46. Petals white on adaxial surface, with yellow patch basally, spur white, yellow, or greenish, 1–2.5 mm | → 47 |
47. Spurs white, upper 2 petals, sometimes lower 3, usually tinged soft reddish violet, rarely white abaxially. | V. canadensis |
47. Spurs yellow or greenish, upper 2 petals, sometimes lower 3, deep reddish violet abaxially. | V. ocellata |
48. Petals blue to gray, violet to pale or soft blue-violet, pale to deep lavender-violet, soft reddish violet, or ± white adaxially | → 49 |
48. Petals yellow adaxially | → 58 |
49. All petals yellow basally | → 50 |
49. All or just 3 lower petals white basally | → 51 |
50. Leaf blades broadly reniform to ovate, base cordate; petals soft reddish violet; lowest petal 10–15 mm, spur yellow; Washington. | V. flettii |
50. Leaf blades broadly ovate, deltate, or broadly deltate, base cordate to truncate; petals blue to pale violet; lowest petal 5.5–11 mm, spur white to pale violet; Nevada, Utah. | V. lithion |
51. Spurs 10–20 mm; petals beardless; style head beardless. | V. rostrata |
51. Spurs 1.6–8 mm; lateral petals sparsely to densely bearded; style head bearded or beardless | → 52 |
52. Lateral and upper 2 petals pale purple or almost white adaxially, violet abaxially; Utah. | V. frank-smithii |
52. Lateral and upper 2 petals similar color on both surfaces; not limited to Utah | → 53 |
53. Basal leaves absent. | V. canina |
53. Basal leaves present | → 54 |
54. Spurs 2–5 mm, tip straight | → 55 |
54. Spurs 3–8 mm, tip straight, curved, or pointed, hooked | → 56 |
55. Sepal margins ciliate or eciliate; style head bearded; seeds light brown. | V. howellii |
55. Sepal margins eciliate; style head usually beardless, sometimes bearded; seeds dark olive to ± black. | V. langsdorffii |
56. Sepal auricles enlarged in fruit. | V. riviniana |
56. Sepal auricles not enlarged in fruit | → 57 |
57. Leaf blades usually decurrent on petiole; cauline stipule margins lacerate to laciniate. | V. adunca |
57. Leaf blades not decurrent on petiole; cauline stipule margins ± entire or laciniate. | V. labradorica |
58. Stems leafless proximally, leafy distally; style head bearded | → 59 |
58. Stems leafy proximally and distally; style head bearded or beardless | → 63 |
59. Cauline leaf blades widely or narrowly hastate to ovate, unlobed, usually mottled light green adaxially. | V. hastata |
59. Cauline leaf blades ovate, reniform, deltate, rhombic, ovate-orbiculate, or reniform-cordate, unlobed or 3–12-lobed, if deltate, not mottled light green adaxially | → 60 |
60. Petals lemon-yellow on both surfaces; cauline blades unlobed | → 61 |
60. Petals lemon-yellow adaxially, upper 2 and sometimes lateral 2 brownish purple abaxially; cauline blades unlobed or 3–12-lobed | → 62 |
61. Cauline stipules ovate to oblong, margins erose or subserrate, often glandular, apex acute to acuminate; petioles 0.2–2.9 cm; blades ovate to deltate, base cordate to truncate, apex acute; Alberta, British Columbia, Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. | V. glabella |
61. Cauline stipules ovate, margins entire or coarsely serrate or erose, apex acute; petioles 1–10 cm; blades reniform or ovate to ovate-orbiculate or deltate, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate; c (incl. Wyoming), e North America. | V. pubescens |
62. Stems 1–3; basal leaves 0–2; cauline stipules sometimes ± leaflike; peduncles 2–13 cm; California, Oregon. | V. lobata |
62. Stems 1(–2); basal leaves 0(–2); cauline stipules not leaflike; peduncles 1.5–4 cm; e United States. | V. tripartita |
63. Basal leaves 0; style head bearded | → 64 |
63. Basal leaves 1–11; style head bearded or beardless | → 65 |
64. Petioles glabrous; leaf blades 1.2–2.4 cm, margins entire or with 1–3 crenations on proximal 1/2, eciliate; Texas. | V. guadalupensis |
64. Petioles usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate; leaf blades 1–5.5 cm, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate; California. | V. pedunculata |
65. Style head beardless. | V. biflora |
65. Style head bearded | → 66 |
66. Cleistogamous flowers absent. | V. tomentosa |
66. Cleistogamous flowers present | → 67 |
67. Capsules puberulent | → 68 |
67. Capsules glabrous or finely puberulent | → 71 |
68. Basal blade with prominent whitish veins adaxially; seeds black. | V. charlestonensis |
68. Basal blade without prominent whitish veins adaxially; seeds light to medium or dark brown or mottled gray and brown | → 69 |
69. Capsules 8–12 mm. | V. quercetorum |
69. Capsules 3.5–7 mm | → 70 |
70. Cauline blades 2.8–9.6 × 0.3–1.4 cm, length 4–11 times width. | V. pinetorum |
70. Cauline blades 0.9–5.2 × 0.2–2.9 cm, length 0.8–7.1 times width. | V. purpurea |
71. Capsules ellipsoid to oblong | → 72 |
71. Capsules spherical, subglobose, or ovoid | → 73 |
72. Base of basal and cauline leaf blades cordate; upper 2 petals deep lemon-yellow abaxially.Viola orbiculata | → 72 |
72. Base of basal and cauline leaf blades attenuate to ± truncate or subcordate; upper 2 petals brownish purple abaxially. | V. praemorsa |
73. Basal leaf base usually truncate, sometimes attenuate. | V. vallicola |
73. Basal leaf base attenuate (rarely truncate or subcordate in V. utahensis) | → 74 |
74. Basal blade margins ± coarsely crenate-serrate. | V. utahensis |
74. Basal blade margins entire or serrulate, sometimes with a few sharp teeth or crenulate | → 75 |
75. Elaiosome not covering funiculus; basal and cauline leaf surfaces glabrous or puberulent on margins or veins. | V. bakeri |
75. Elaiosome completely covering funiculus; basal and cauline leaf surfaces glabrous or puberulent. | V. nuttallii |
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BC
KS Wildflowers
SW CO Wildflowers
