Viola villosa |
Viola guadalupensis |
|
---|---|---|
Carolina violet, southern woolly violet |
Guadalupe Mountains violet, Guadalupe violet |
|
Habit | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–15 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1–10 cm. |
Stems | 1–5, decumbent to erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
|
Leaves | basal, 4–9, prostrate to ascending; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole 3–10 cm, densely pubescent; blade unlobed, reniform or ovate to elliptic, 1–8 × 1–5.5 cm, base cordate, margins serrate, ciliate, apex rounded to acute, mucronulate, surfaces densely pubescent. |
cauline; stipules lanceolate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate or linear, margins sparingly glandular-fimbriate, apex acute; petiole 2–6 cm, glabrous; blade ovate to ovate-deltate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.2–2.4 × 0.7–1.3 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded or truncate, margins entire or with 1–3 crenations on proximal 1/2, eciliate, apex acute to rounded, surfaces glabrous, sometimes with a few short hairs on veins abaxially. |
Peduncles | 4–10 cm, puberulent. |
3.5–6 cm, glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, spur sometimes bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur usually white, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on ascending to erect peduncles. |
sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lateral 2 and lowest dark brown-veined basally, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 7–11 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 1–1.4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 6–10 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid, 3–4.5 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | beige, mottled to bronze, or dark brown, 1.5–2 mm. |
light brown, ± 2 mm. |
2n | = 54. |
= 24. |
Viola villosa |
Viola guadalupensis |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | Flowering May. |
Habitat | Sandy, pine-oak and pine-oak-hickory woods and disturbed ground | Openings and narrow ledges on limestone rock faces |
Elevation | 10–300 m (0–1000 ft) | 2600 m (8500 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; OK; SC; TX
|
TX |
Discussion | Much of the foliage of Viola villosa remains green throughout the winter (V. B. Baird 1942). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Viola guadalupensis is known only from the eastern rim of the Guadalupe Mountains in Culberson County. Powell and Wauer noted that it is the only yellow-flowered violet known in the Guadalupe Mountains and appears to be related to V. nuttallii and V. vallicola. K. W. Allred (2008) stated that a report of this species in New Mexico by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) requires verification. K. Haskins (pers. comm.) reported that experiments are currently being conducted to propagate plants of V. guadalupensis via cell tissue culture. Chloroplast (trnL-F spacer) and low-copy nuclear gene (GPI) phylogenies indicate that Viola guadalupensis is an alloploid that originated through hybridization between an unidentified member of subsect. Canadenses (the paternal parent) and a member of the V. nuttallii complex (the maternal parent), of sect. Chamaemelanium (T. Marcussen et al. 2011). Evidence reported by these authors from a fossil-calibrated relaxed clock dating analysis showed the estimated maximum age of V. guadalupensis to be (5.7–)8.6(–11.6) million years. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 163. | FNA vol. 6, p. 132. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. alabamensis | |
Name authority | Walter: Fl. Carol., 219. (1788) | A. M. Powell & Wauer: Sida 14: 1, fig. 1. (1990) |
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