Viola striata |
Viola vallicola |
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cream or cream-white or pale or striped or striped cream violet, creamy violet, striped cream violet, striped white violet, violette strièe |
sagebrush violet, valley violet, valley yellow violet, yellow prairie violet, yellow sagebrush violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 10–60 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–18 cm. |
Stems | 1–4, ascending to erect (often declining during anthesis), glabrous or pubescent, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
1–5, decumbent or ascending to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrate to puberulent, on caudex from usually vertical, subligneous rhizome. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 2–6; stipules lanceolate to narrowly deltate, margins laciniate, apex acute; petiole 3–6 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate to reniform, 2–7 × 1–2.5 cm, base cordate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces glabrous or pubescent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate, margins laciniate; petiole 3–7 cm; distal blades ovate to deltate, 1–6 × 1–4 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate to acute. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, margins entire, apex of each wing free, sometimes divided into filiform processes; petiole 3–10 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–4.3 × 0.9–1.1 cm, base usually truncate, sometimes attenuate, margins entire or serrulate, sometimes sinuate, ciliate (sometimes only on proximal 1/2 of leaf), apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous or puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, margins ± entire, apex acute; petiole 1.5–9.2 cm; blade ovate or lanceolate to elliptic, 2.3–4 × 1–2 cm, length ca. 2.2 times width, base usually ± truncate to subcordate, sometimes attenuate on new leaves, margins sinuate, apex acute. |
Peduncles | 5–12 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
3–11.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals white or cream on both surfaces, without yellow patch basally, lowest and usually lateral 2 purple-veined, lateral 2 and sometimes all densely bearded, lowest 10–18 mm, spur white, gibbous to elongated, 3–6 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially or on both surfaces, upper 2 often brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark brown- to brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 9–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 0.8–1.2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 6–7 mm, glabrous. |
spherical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous or finely puberulent. |
Seeds | beige to bronze, 1.5–3 mm. |
tan, 2.1–2.2 mm, elaiosome extending beyond and covering funiculus. |
2n | = 20. |
= 12. |
Viola striata |
Viola vallicola |
|
Phenology | Flowering Mar–Jun. | Flowering late Mar–early Jul. |
Habitat | Riparian or alluvial woods, floodplains in silty loam, meadows | Sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands |
Elevation | 40–1000 m (100–3300 ft) | 400–2800 m (1300–9200 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; MI; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; VA; WI; WV; ON
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CO; KS; MT; ND; SD; WY; BC; SK
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Discussion | Dead, long-persistent stems of Viola striata are often present the following season. In flower, the plants are often mistaken for V. canadensis because the petals are whitish (H. E. Ballard 1992). Viola striata reportedly hybridizes with V. labradorica (= V. ×eclipes H. E. Ballard), V. rostrata (= V. ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider), V. walteri var. appalachiensis (= V. ×wujekii H. E. Ballard), and V. walteri var. walteri (= V. ×cooperrideri H. E. Ballard). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) distinguished two varieties of Viola vallicola based on geographic location and type of leaf flavonoids: 1) var. major (Hooker) Fabijan, occurring west of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids primarily kaempferol derivatives; and 2) var. vallicola occurring east of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids all apigenin derivatives. Fabijan et al. reported that var. major (valley violet) occurs in sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands, 400–2800 m, in Alberta, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. M. S. Baker (1957) noted that there is only a tendency for leaves of Viola vallicola to be wide with truncate bases; on some plants only a few leaves are truncate. Images of type specimens at NY show truncate leaf bases for most basal and cauline leaves, with only some cauline leaves being attenuate. The key to V. vallicola in D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) described the cauline leaf bases as truncate with some later cauline leaves becoming cuneate. G. Davidse (1976) stated that the V. vallicola plants he studied had cordate to truncate leaf bases; he made no distinction between basal and cauline leaves. Baker stated that V. vallicola may have given rise to V. nuttallii through a doubling of its chromosomes. Because intermediate leaf forms are found in areas where Viola vallicola and V. nuttallii are sympatric, some question the specific status of V. vallicola. No hybrids involving V. nuttallii and V. vallicola are known (D. M. Fabijan et al. 1987). V. Harms (pers. comm.) reported that Viola vallicola is frequent in southern Saskatchewan grasslands, usually occurring with V. nuttallii and appearing the more frequent of the two. Observed pollinators of Viola vallicola in the intermountain region include flies in the genera Bombylius Linnaeus and Eristalis Latreille (G. Davidse 1976). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 159. | FNA vol. 6, p. 162. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Lophion striatum, V. conspersa var. masonii | Crocion vallicola, V. nuttallii subsp. vallicola, V. nuttallii var. vallicola, V. physalodes, V. russellii, V. subsagittifolia |
Name authority | Aiton: Hort. Kew. 3: 290. (1789) | A. Nelson: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 128. (1899) |
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