Viola sempervirens |
Viola quercetorum |
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evergreen violet, redwood violet, redwoods violet, trailing yellow violet, violette toujours verte |
goosefoot violet, goosefoot yellow violet, oakwoods violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, stoloniferous, 10–30 cm; stolons green or reddish, leafy, sometimes rooting at nodes, becoming lignified in age. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 4–25(–34.5) cm. |
Stems | 1–5, prostrate, spreading, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, from current and/or previous year’s growth, on usually vertical, fleshy rhizome, rooting and forming rosettes at or near tip; rooted rosettes often develop into an erect, fleshy caudex from which new stems are produced. |
1–5, spreading to erect, leafy proximally and distally, usually elongated by end of season, puberulent to canescent, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
Leaves | evergreen, basal and cauline; basal: 1–6(–10); stipules deltate to ovate or linear-lanceolate, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to long-acuminate; petiole 2–16 cm, glabrous; blade often purple-spotted abaxially and/or adaxially, orbiculate to ovate, 1–4.5 × 2–3.9 cm, base cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex blunt to obtuse, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous or with scattered bristles on one or both surfaces; cauline similar to basal except: stipules deltate to lanceolate, margins entire or sparingly toothed; petiole 0.3–3 cm; blade 1.2–2.2 × 1.2–2 cm. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear, membranous wings, each wing with lanceolate to ± deltate projection, margins entire or laciniate, apex usually long-acuminate or divided into narrow, filiform processes; petiole 1.9–9.5 cm, puberulent; blade usually grayish green to whitish, sometimes ± purple-tinted abaxially, green to grayish green adaxially, ± ovate to ± orbiculate, deltate, pandurate, or broadly brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 sparsely to densely bearded, lowest 10–16 mm, spur yellow to reddish brown, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Peduncles | 5–10 cm, glabrous. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals lemon-yellow on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 8–17 mm, spur yellow or whitish, gibbous, 1–2.5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
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Capsules | mottled with purple, spherical to ovoid, 5–8 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid to ellipsoid, 8–12 mm, puberulent. |
Seeds | brown, tinged purple, 2–2.5 mm. |
medium brown, ± 2.7 mm. |
2n | = 24, 48. |
= 24. |
Viola sempervirens |
Viola quercetorum |
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Phenology | Flowering Jan–Jul. | Flowering Feb–Jul. |
Habitat | Redwood forests, other coastal forests, Douglas fir, other coniferous forests | Dry, grassy or brushy slopes, chaparral, in or lower than yellow pine forests |
Elevation | 30–1400 m (100–4600 ft) | 300–2000 m (1000–6600 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; ID; OR; WA; BC
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CA; OR |
Discussion | In California, Viola sempervirens occurs in shaded redwood forests and other coastal forest habitats. In Oregon and Washington, it occurs in Douglas fir and other coniferous forests, where it can form mats (clones) one meter or more in diameter; its prostrate, spreading growth habit is similar to V. walteri. The leafy stems of V. sempervirens are similar to the leafy stolons of V. odorata. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Herbarium specimens of Viola quercetorum and V. purpurea var. purpurea can be difficult to distinguish; pressing obliterates the undulate leaf margins of V. quercetorum. In Oregon, most collections of V. quercetorum are from yellow pine forests (A. Liston, pers. comm.). Viola quercetorum hybridizes with V. douglasii (J. Clausen 1964). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 157. | FNA vol. 6, p. 153. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. sarmentosa, V. sempervirens subsp. orbiculoides | V. purpurea subsp. quercetorum |
Name authority | Greene: Pittonia 4: 8. (1899) | M. S. Baker & J. C. Clausen: Leafl. W. Bot. 5: 101. (1948) |
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