Viola sagittata |
Viola guadalupensis |
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arrow-leaf violet, arrowhead violet |
Guadalupe Mountains violet, Guadalupe violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–50 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1–10 cm. | ||||
Stems | 1–5, decumbent to erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal, 4–8, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole 2–13 cm, glabrous or pubescent; middle and lateral blade lobes differ in width and/or shape, earliest blades ovate to elliptic, mid-season blades ovate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic to narrowly deltate, 1–8 × 1–5 cm, incised or lobed at base only, base sagittate or hastate, truncate, attenuate, or ± cordate, margins crenate or serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute, surfaces glabrous or pubescent. |
cauline; stipules lanceolate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate or linear, margins sparingly glandular-fimbriate, apex acute; petiole 2–6 cm, glabrous; blade ovate to ovate-deltate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.2–2.4 × 0.7–1.3 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded or truncate, margins entire or with 1–3 crenations on proximal 1/2, eciliate, apex acute to rounded, surfaces glabrous, sometimes with a few short hairs on veins abaxially. |
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Peduncles | 3–15 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
3.5–6 cm, glabrous. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals light to dark violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally, lowest dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, spur on lowest petal occasionally bearded, lowest 10–15 mm, spur light to dark violet, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate, ascending, or erect peduncles. |
sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lateral 2 and lowest dark brown-veined basally, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 7–11 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 1–1.4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
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Capsules | ellipsoid, 10–14 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid, 3–4.5 mm, glabrous. |
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Seeds | beige, mottled to bronze, 1.3–2.5 mm. |
light brown, ± 2 mm. |
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2n | = 24. |
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Viola sagittata |
Viola guadalupensis |
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Phenology | Flowering May. | |||||
Habitat | Openings and narrow ledges on limestone rock faces | |||||
Elevation | 2600 m (8500 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
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TX |
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Discussion | Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Viola guadalupensis is known only from the eastern rim of the Guadalupe Mountains in Culberson County. Powell and Wauer noted that it is the only yellow-flowered violet known in the Guadalupe Mountains and appears to be related to V. nuttallii and V. vallicola. K. W. Allred (2008) stated that a report of this species in New Mexico by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) requires verification. K. Haskins (pers. comm.) reported that experiments are currently being conducted to propagate plants of V. guadalupensis via cell tissue culture. Chloroplast (trnL-F spacer) and low-copy nuclear gene (GPI) phylogenies indicate that Viola guadalupensis is an alloploid that originated through hybridization between an unidentified member of subsect. Canadenses (the paternal parent) and a member of the V. nuttallii complex (the maternal parent), of sect. Chamaemelanium (T. Marcussen et al. 2011). Evidence reported by these authors from a fossil-calibrated relaxed clock dating analysis showed the estimated maximum age of V. guadalupensis to be (5.7–)8.6(–11.6) million years. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 155. | FNA vol. 6, p. 132. | ||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Name authority | Aiton: Hort. Kew. 3: 287. (1789) | A. M. Powell & Wauer: Sida 14: 1, fig. 1. (1990) | ||||
Web links |