Viola sagittata |
Viola bicolor |
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arrow-leaf violet, arrowhead violet |
field pansy, violette de Rafinesque, wild pansy |
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Habit | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–50 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | |||||
Leaves | basal, 4–8, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole 2–13 cm, glabrous or pubescent; middle and lateral blade lobes differ in width and/or shape, earliest blades ovate to elliptic, mid-season blades ovate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic to narrowly deltate, 1–8 × 1–5 cm, incised or lobed at base only, base sagittate or hastate, truncate, attenuate, or ± cordate, margins crenate or serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute, surfaces glabrous or pubescent. |
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Peduncles | 3–15 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
1–4.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals light to dark violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally, lowest dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, spur on lowest petal occasionally bearded, lowest 10–15 mm, spur light to dark violet, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate, ascending, or erect peduncles. |
sepals ovate to lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.5–2 mm; petals white or cream to pale bluish violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer than sepals, bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white to blue-violet, gibbous, 1–1.5 mm, shorter than or equaling sepal auricles; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
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Capsules | ellipsoid, 10–14 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid to oblong, 4–7 mm, glabrous. |
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Seeds | beige, mottled to bronze, 1.3–2.5 mm. |
beige to bronze, 0.3–1.5 mm. |
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2n | = 34. |
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Viola sagittata |
Viola bicolor |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–May. | |||||
Habitat | Prairies, open woodlands, fields, pastures, roadsides, lawns, waste ground | |||||
Elevation | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
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AL; AR; AZ; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WV; ON; SK
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Discussion | Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola bicolor is the only pansy native to North America (V. B. Baird 1942; J. Clausen et al. 1964; A. E. Radford et al. 1968) and is the only annual Viola species that produces cleistogamous flowers (Baird; A. Gershoy 1934). Roots of V. bicolor have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 155. | FNA vol. 6, p. 122. | ||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | V. kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei, V. rafinesquei | |||||
Name authority | Aiton: Hort. Kew. 3: 287. (1789) | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 175. (1813) | ||||
Web links |