Viola rostrata |
Viola lanceolata |
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long-spur violet, violette rostrée |
bog white violet, Howell's violet, lance-leaf or bog white violet, lance-leaf violet, strap-leaf violet, violette lancéolée, white bog violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–20 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, stoloniferous, 5–30 cm; stolons pale, often rooting and leafy at nodes; rhizome slender, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–7, ascending to erect (often declining during anthesis), glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–5; stipules lanceolate, margins laciniate, apex acute; petiole 1–9.6 cm, glabrous; blade sometimes purple-spotted abaxially and/or adaxially, reniform to ovate, 1–4.5 × 1–4 cm, base broadly cordate to cordate, margins crenate to serrate, mostly eciliate, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces usually pubescent, mostly adaxially toward base, sometimes glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: petiole 0.4–4 cm; distal cauline blades ovate to deltate, 1–4.5 × 1–4 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate to acute. |
basal, 2–6(–9), ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire or irregularly lacerate (at least distally), apex acute; petiole 2–12 cm, glabrous or pubescent; blade unlobed, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic to nearly linear, 2.5–12 × 0.7–2.5 cm, longer than wide, base attenuate, margins serrate, mostly eciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous. |
Peduncles | 5–9 cm, usually glabrous. |
2–17 cm, usually pubescent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals pale lavender-violet on both surfaces, all white basally, lower 3 purple-black-veined, all beardless, lowest 8–20 mm, spur white, purple, or lavender-tinged, elongated, 10–20 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals ovate to lanceolate, margins mostly eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals white on both surfaces, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded or beardless, lowest 7–12 mm, spur white, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate to ascending peduncles. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 4–6 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, 5–8 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | beige to bronze, 1.3–2 mm. |
beige to bronze, 1.5–2.5 mm. |
2n | = 20. |
= 24. |
Viola rostrata |
Viola lanceolata |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–May. | Flowering Mar–May. |
Habitat | Rich, mesic to dry, well-drained woodlands, mountains | Open to semi-open wet areas, bogs, meadows, pond and lake shores, stream banks, seasonally inundated depressions |
Elevation | 200–1800 m (700–5900 ft) | 0–2000 m (0–6600 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; GA; IN; KY; MA; MD; MI; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON; QC; e Asia (Japan)
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM
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Discussion | Viola rostrata has the longest spur of any North American Viola species. Viola rostrata reportedly hybridizes with V. labradorica (= V. ×malteana House) and V. striata (= V. ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola lanceolata occurs in small colonies; individual plants are interconnected by stolons. Viola lanceolata subsp. vittata was recognized by N. H. Russell (1955) based on its linear leaf blade shape. The range in leaf blade shape appears to have no distinct line of demarcation. Some believe that leaf shape differences and near restriction to the coastal plain support recognition at some level. Studies are necessary to resolve this issue. J. H. Shultze (1946) reported that Viola lanceolata was introduced into Washington in the early 1900s primarily from Cape Cod and Wisconsin as a result of importation of cranberry vines. In British Columbia, it is known from Lulu Island, where it was introduced from eastern North America (G. W. Douglas et al. 1998–2002, vol. 5). Viola lanceolata reportedly hybridizes with V. primulifolia var. primulifolia (= V. ×modesta House) and V. macloskeyi (= V. ×sublanceolata House). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 154. | FNA vol. 6, p. 135. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Lophion rostratum | V. lanceolata subsp. vittata, V. lanceolata var. vittata, V. vittata |
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 174. (1813) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 934. (1753) |
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