Viola rostrata |
Viola canadensis |
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long-spur violet, violette rostrée |
Canada violet, Canada white violet, Canadian violet, Canadian white violet, rugose violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–20 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–46(–60) cm, with branching rhizomes forming colonies or not. | ||||||||
Stems | 1–7, ascending to erect (often declining during anthesis), glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
1–3(4), usually erect to ascending, glabrous or puberulent, from fleshy or subligneous rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–5; stipules lanceolate, margins laciniate, apex acute; petiole 1–9.6 cm, glabrous; blade sometimes purple-spotted abaxially and/or adaxially, reniform to ovate, 1–4.5 × 1–4 cm, base broadly cordate to cordate, margins crenate to serrate, mostly eciliate, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces usually pubescent, mostly adaxially toward base, sometimes glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: petiole 0.4–4 cm; distal cauline blades ovate to deltate, 1–4.5 × 1–4 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate to acute. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–5; stipules ± oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, margins entire, sometimes glandular, apex acuminate to cuspidate; petiole 1.1–23 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate to broadly ovate or ovate-reniform, 0.7–12.4 × 0.9–11.1(–12.3) cm, base cordate, subcordate, or truncate, margins crenate, crenulate, or serrulate, ciliate (sometimes only on proximal 1/2) or eciliate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous or puberulent (often only on veins); cauline similar to basal except: stipules also deltate, margins also erose or laciniate, apex acute, long-acuminate to cuspidate, or ± truncate, occasionally 2- or 3-fid; petiole 0.1–6.9(–15.2) cm; blade ovate to deltate, 1.2–7.7 × 0.8–7.8 cm, base cordate to truncate, margins crenate or crenulate to ± serrulate. |
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Peduncles | 5–9 cm, usually glabrous. |
1–6.1 cm, glabrate to puberulent, sometimes glabrous below bracteoles. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals pale lavender-violet on both surfaces, all white basally, lower 3 purple-black-veined, all beardless, lowest 8–20 mm, spur white, purple, or lavender-tinged, elongated, 10–20 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate, margins usually eciliate, auricles 0.5–1.3 mm; petals white adaxially, upper 2 and lower 3 tinged soft reddish violet abaxially, rarely white on both surfaces, all petals usually with yellow patch basally, lower 3 usually purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 5.5–20 mm, spur white, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary or absent. |
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Capsules | ellipsoid, 4–6 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5–10 mm, sometimes muriculate, glabrous or puberulent. |
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Seeds | beige to bronze, 1.3–2 mm. |
brown to dark brown or purplish black, 1.5–2.5 mm. |
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2n | = 20. |
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Viola rostrata |
Viola canadensis |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–May. | |||||||||
Habitat | Rich, mesic to dry, well-drained woodlands, mountains | |||||||||
Elevation | 200–1800 m (700–5900 ft) | |||||||||
Distribution |
AL; CT; GA; IN; KY; MA; MD; MI; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON; QC; e Asia (Japan)
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CO; CT; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT
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Discussion | Viola rostrata has the longest spur of any North American Viola species. Viola rostrata reportedly hybridizes with V. labradorica (= V. ×malteana House) and V. striata (= V. ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 3 (3 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 154. | FNA vol. 6, p. 125. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | Lophion rostratum | |||||||||
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 174. (1813) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 936. (1753) | ||||||||
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