Viola rostrata |
Viola beckwithii |
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long-spur violet, violette rostrée |
Beckwith's or Great Basin violet, Beckwith's violet, Great Basin violet, sagebrush pansy, sagebrush violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–20 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–22 cm. |
Stems | 1–7, ascending to erect (often declining during anthesis), glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
1–3, decumbent, ascending, or erect, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrous or usually puberulent, on single, short, vertical, deep-seated caudex. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–5; stipules lanceolate, margins laciniate, apex acute; petiole 1–9.6 cm, glabrous; blade sometimes purple-spotted abaxially and/or adaxially, reniform to ovate, 1–4.5 × 1–4 cm, base broadly cordate to cordate, margins crenate to serrate, mostly eciliate, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces usually pubescent, mostly adaxially toward base, sometimes glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: petiole 0.4–4 cm; distal cauline blades ovate to deltate, 1–4.5 × 1–4 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate to acute. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–6 per caudex, palmately compound, ± 2-ternate or 3-ternate, leaflets 3; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, unlobed, margins entire, apex of each wing free, acute; petiole 2–10.5 cm, usually puberulent; blade ovate to deltate, 2.4–5 × 3.5–4.5 cm, base tapered, ultimate leaflets dissected into oblong, elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate lobes 1–7 mm wide, lobe margins entire, usually ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, mucronulate, surfaces usually puberulent, seldom glabrous, abaxial surface without prominent vein parallel to each margin; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear, apex acuminate; petiole 2–5.7 cm, usually puberulent, rarely glabrous; blade 1–2.7 × 1.5–3 cm. |
Peduncles | 5–9 cm, usually glabrous. |
1.5–10.6(–15.7) cm, usually puberulent, seldom glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals pale lavender-violet on both surfaces, all white basally, lower 3 purple-black-veined, all beardless, lowest 8–20 mm, spur white, purple, or lavender-tinged, elongated, 10–20 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.1–1 mm; petals dark reddish violet on both surfaces, lower 3 usually lilac, rarely white or whitish, lateral 2 bearded, with yellow patch basally, dark reddish violet-veined, lowest 10–22 mm, with yellow patch, dark reddish violet-veined, spur whitish or yellowish, tinged purple, gibbous, 0.5–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 4–6 mm, glabrous. |
oblong-ovoid, 7–12 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | beige to bronze, 1.3–2 mm. |
brown, 3–4 mm. |
2n | = 20. |
= 24. |
Viola rostrata |
Viola beckwithii |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–May. | Flowering Mar–May. |
Habitat | Rich, mesic to dry, well-drained woodlands, mountains | Dry or moist places, among shrubs or beneath pines |
Elevation | 200–1800 m (700–5900 ft) | 900–2700 m (3000–8900 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; GA; IN; KY; MA; MD; MI; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON; QC; e Asia (Japan)
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CA; ID; NV; OR; UT
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Discussion | Viola rostrata has the longest spur of any North American Viola species. Viola rostrata reportedly hybridizes with V. labradorica (= V. ×malteana House) and V. striata (= V. ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In some populations of Viola beckwithii, the three lower petals are white with a yellow area proximally (V. B. Baird 1942). Leaves have been described as palmately biternate or triternate (L. Abrams and R. S. Ferris 1923–1960, vol. 3), ternately decompound into linear segments (C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955–1969, vol. 3), palmately three-parted then bipinnately parted into ultimate linear or spatulate segments (P. A. Munz 1959), and palmately about three times three-parted into linear or spatulate-linear segments (W. L. Jepson 1951). Some populations in northern California are nearly or completely glabrous, which M. S. Baker recognized as var. glabrata. Viola beckwithii is reported to hybridize with V. utahensis (G. Davidse 1976). Observed pollinators of V. beckwithii in Utah include Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Anthophora ursina Cresson (Davidse). When Cottam described Viola bonnevillensis, he suggested that it could be a hybrid between V. beckwithii and V. utahensis, and G. Davidse (1976) concurred. The type specimen of V. bonnevillensis (Cottam 7067, UT) was examined by R. J. Little. Because no similar forms are known to have been collected since 1939, it is presumed that this taxon is a hybrid. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 154. | FNA vol. 6, p. 122. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Lophion rostratum | V. beckwithii var. cachensis, V. beckwithii subsp. glabrata, V. bonnevillensis |
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 174. (1813) | Torrey: in E. M. Durand, Pl. Pratten. Calif., 82. (1855) |
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