Viola renifolia |
Viola frank-smithii |
|
---|---|---|
kidney-leaf or kidney-shape or white violet, kidney-leaf violet, kidney-leaf white violet, northern white violet, violette réniforme, white violet |
Frank Smith violet, Frank-Smith's violet |
|
Habit | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–30 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1.5–12.5 cm. |
Stems | 1–4, decumbent or ascending to erect, glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
|
Leaves | basal, 1–5, prostrate to ascending; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire to sparsely laciniate, apex acute; petiole 3–10 cm, strigose, sericeous, or villous, occasionally glabrous; blade unlobed, reniform or ovate to broadly ovate or orbiculate, 1.5–3.5 × 2–5 cm, base cordate to broadly cordate, margins serrate-crenate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded, occasionally acuminate, surfaces usually sparsely to densely strigose, sericeous, or villous throughout or along veins, sometimes glabrous. |
basal and cauline; basal: 2–3; stipules lanceolate, margins fimbriate, apex acute; petiole 1.5–6(–14) cm, glabrous; blade broadly ovate to deltate, 1.3–2.9(–4.1) × 1.3–2.9 cm, base cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex obtuse to rounded, surfaces glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: petiole 1.3–6.5 cm; blade 1.1–2.2 × 0.7–1.6 cm. |
Peduncles | 3–8 cm, puberulent. |
2.5–7(–11.2) cm, glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins usually eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals white on both surfaces, lower 3 purple-veined, all beardless or lower 3 sparsely bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate to ascending peduncles. |
sepals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; all petals usually pale purple, sometimes almost white adaxially, lateral 2 and lowest purple-veined, lateral and upper 2 violet abaxially, white basally, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–16(–18) mm, spur greenish to pale lime green, gibbous, 1.6–3 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers unknown. |
Capsules | ovoid to ellipsoid, 5–8 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid, 3–7 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | mottled beige to bronze, 1.5–2.2 mm. |
pale yellow, 2.4–2.8 mm. |
2n | = 24. |
|
Viola renifolia |
Viola frank-smithii |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | Flowering May–Jul. |
Habitat | Moist, often shaded alluvial or upland forests, shrub thickets, stream banks, swamp forests, bogs, fens | Cracks, crevices, and narrow ledges of vertical limestone and dolomite rock faces, humid, shady places |
Elevation | 200–3000 m (700–9800 ft) | 1600–2100 m (5200–6900 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; CO; CT; IA; ID; MA; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NY; PA; SD; VT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
|
UT |
Discussion | Nonflowering plants of Viola renifolia and V. epipsila appear similar. The abaxial leaf surfaces of V. renifolia usually have a few short, straight hairs on the main veins; leaves of V. epipsila are usually glabrous (C. Parker, pers. comm.). Viola renifolia can appear similar to V. macloskeyi. V. B. Baird (1942) wrote that V. renifolia sometimes produces ascending stems. H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist (1991) noted that if stolons were present, they were short and racemelike with cleistogamous flowers. The ascending stems and stolons mentioned by these authors may or may not be different phases of the same structure. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Viola frank-smithii is endemic to Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah. N. H. Holmgren (2005d) wrote that it likely has its ancestral ties with V. adunca. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 153. | FNA vol. 6, p. 131. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. blanda var. renifolia, V. brainerdii, V. mistassinica, V. renifolia var. brainerdii | |
Name authority | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 288. (1870) | N. H. Holmgren: Brittonia 44: 303, fig. 1E – H. (1992) |
Web links |