Viola purpurea |
Viola renifolia |
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goosefoot violet, mountain violet, pine violet, purple-mark yellow violet |
kidney-leaf or kidney-shape or white violet, kidney-leaf violet, kidney-leaf white violet, northern white violet, violette réniforme, white violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1.5–25 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–30 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | 1–5(–7), decumbent or spreading to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ± glabrous, puberulent, canescent, or tomentose, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear, membranous wings, wing margins entire or laciniate, each wing with lanceolate to ± deltate projection, margins entire or laciniate, apex acute to long-acuminate; petiole 1.8–14.5 cm, puberulent to tomentose; blade purplish, purple-tinted, or gray-green abaxially, gray, green, or gray-green adaxially, sometimes shiny adaxially, ovate, orbiculate, oblong, deltate, or lanceolate, 0.8–5.3 × 0.4–4.1 cm, often fleshy, base cordate, subcordate, truncate, or attenuate, oblique or not, margins usually ± crenate, serrate, dentate, or coarsely or irregularly repand-dentate, sometimes entire, usually ciliate, apex acute to obtuse or rounded, surfaces glabrous, puberulent, or tomentose; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or ± oblong to ovate, margins entire, lacerate, or laciniate, usually ciliate, apex sometimes divided into 2–3 filiform processes or obtuse; petiole 0.3–19.7 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate, oblong, elliptic, deltate, or lanceolate, 0.9–5.2 × 0.2–2.9 cm, length 0.8–7.1 times width, margins crenate, serrate, dentate, repand-denticulate, undulate-denticulate, sinuate, undulate, or entire, abaxial surface puberulent, canescent, or tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous, sparsely pubescent, puberulent, canescent, or tomentose. |
basal, 1–5, prostrate to ascending; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire to sparsely laciniate, apex acute; petiole 3–10 cm, strigose, sericeous, or villous, occasionally glabrous; blade unlobed, reniform or ovate to broadly ovate or orbiculate, 1.5–3.5 × 2–5 cm, base cordate to broadly cordate, margins serrate-crenate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded, occasionally acuminate, surfaces usually sparsely to densely strigose, sericeous, or villous throughout or along veins, sometimes glabrous. |
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Peduncles | 3–8 cm, puberulent. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins usually eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals white on both surfaces, lower 3 purple-veined, all beardless or lower 3 sparsely bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate to ascending peduncles. |
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Capsules | ovoid to ± spherical, 4–7 mm, puberulent. |
ovoid to ellipsoid, 5–8 mm, glabrous. |
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Seeds | light to dark brown or mottled gray and brown, 2–3.1 mm. |
mottled beige to bronze, 1.5–2.2 mm. |
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2n | = 12. |
= 24. |
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Viola purpurea |
Viola renifolia |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Moist, often shaded alluvial or upland forests, shrub thickets, stream banks, swamp forests, bogs, fens | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 200–3000 m (700–9800 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC; nw Mexico
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AK; CO; CT; IA; ID; MA; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NY; PA; SD; VT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
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Discussion | Varieties 7 (7 in the flora). Varieties of Viola purpurea are variable and intergrade. All are found in California; six occur in other western states, one in Mexico, and one in British Columbia. Mature plants are needed for determination. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Nonflowering plants of Viola renifolia and V. epipsila appear similar. The abaxial leaf surfaces of V. renifolia usually have a few short, straight hairs on the main veins; leaves of V. epipsila are usually glabrous (C. Parker, pers. comm.). Viola renifolia can appear similar to V. macloskeyi. V. B. Baird (1942) wrote that V. renifolia sometimes produces ascending stems. H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist (1991) noted that if stolons were present, they were short and racemelike with cleistogamous flowers. The ascending stems and stolons mentioned by these authors may or may not be different phases of the same structure. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 150. | FNA vol. 6, p. 153. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | V. blanda var. renifolia, V. brainerdii, V. mistassinica, V. renifolia var. brainerdii | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Kellogg: Pacific (San Francisco), 2 Feb. 1855: unnumb. (1855) | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 288. (1870) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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