Viola purpurea |
Viola macloskeyi |
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goosefoot violet, mountain violet, pine violet, purple-mark yellow violet |
Macloskey's or northern white or small white or smooth white or wild white violet, Macloskey's violet, northern white violet, small white violet, smooth white violet, violette pâle |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1.5–25 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, stoloniferous, 2–10 cm; stolons pale, often rooting and leafy at nodes; rhizome slender, fleshy. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | 1–5(–7), decumbent or spreading to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ± glabrous, puberulent, canescent, or tomentose, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear, membranous wings, wing margins entire or laciniate, each wing with lanceolate to ± deltate projection, margins entire or laciniate, apex acute to long-acuminate; petiole 1.8–14.5 cm, puberulent to tomentose; blade purplish, purple-tinted, or gray-green abaxially, gray, green, or gray-green adaxially, sometimes shiny adaxially, ovate, orbiculate, oblong, deltate, or lanceolate, 0.8–5.3 × 0.4–4.1 cm, often fleshy, base cordate, subcordate, truncate, or attenuate, oblique or not, margins usually ± crenate, serrate, dentate, or coarsely or irregularly repand-dentate, sometimes entire, usually ciliate, apex acute to obtuse or rounded, surfaces glabrous, puberulent, or tomentose; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or ± oblong to ovate, margins entire, lacerate, or laciniate, usually ciliate, apex sometimes divided into 2–3 filiform processes or obtuse; petiole 0.3–19.7 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate, oblong, elliptic, deltate, or lanceolate, 0.9–5.2 × 0.2–2.9 cm, length 0.8–7.1 times width, margins crenate, serrate, dentate, repand-denticulate, undulate-denticulate, sinuate, undulate, or entire, abaxial surface puberulent, canescent, or tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous, sparsely pubescent, puberulent, canescent, or tomentose. |
basal, 2–6, ascending to erect; stipules ovate to linear-lanceolate, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute; petiole 1–10 cm, strigose; blade unlobed, reniform to ovate, 1–6.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base broadly or shallowly cordate, margins ± entire or shallowly crenate, eciliate, apex rounded to acute, surfaces usually glabrous, abaxial surfaces sometimes puberulent on proximal 1/2. |
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Peduncles | 2.5–11(–21) cm, usually glabrous, sometimes villous. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–2 mm; petals white on both surfaces, lower 3 purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, rarely beardless, lowest 6–12 mm, spur white, gibbous, 1–2.5 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on ascending peduncles. |
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Capsules | ovoid to ± spherical, 4–7 mm, puberulent. |
ovoid, 5–9 mm, glabrous. |
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Seeds | light to dark brown or mottled gray and brown, 2–3.1 mm. |
beige to bronze, 1–1.5 mm. |
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2n | = 12. |
= 24. |
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Viola purpurea |
Viola macloskeyi |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Sep. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Bogs, wet meadows, seeps, lake margins, stream banks, floodplains, swampy woods, mesic roadside depressions, often among mosses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–3600 m (0–11800 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC; nw Mexico
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AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
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Discussion | Varieties 7 (7 in the flora). Varieties of Viola purpurea are variable and intergrade. All are found in California; six occur in other western states, one in Mexico, and one in British Columbia. Mature plants are needed for determination. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola macloskeyi was described by Banks in 1824 as V. rotundifolia var. pallens, from specimens collected by Banks in Labrador. E. Brainerd made the combination V. pallens in 1905 and later (1924) detailed its troublesome nomenclatural history. Viola macloskeyi was described in 1895 by F. E. Lloyd based on specimens collected at the base of Mount Hood, Oregon. M. S. Baker (1953) placed V. macloskeyi as a subspecies of V. pallens. He later (1953b) corrected that change based on priority and thus the taxon became known as V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens. N. H. Russell (1955) maintained that status, separating subspp. macloskeyi and pallens on the wider, spreading basal leaf lobes of subsp. pallens. McKinney, after examining specimens of both taxa, including types, concluded that the differences have been exaggerated and fall within the range of variation of a single species. Viola macloskeyi occurs in small colonies; individual plants are interconnected by stolons. In parts of its range, Viola macloskeyi often shares habitat with V. renifolia; it may be difficult to distinguish the two. The stolons of V. macloskeyi are useful for identification during summer months; V. renifolia plants lack stolons. Patterns of indument can be useful; V. renifolia is usually hairy and V. macloskeyi is usually glabrous (petioles sometimes pubescent). Viola macloskeyi reportedly hybridizes with V. primulifolia var. primulifolia (= V. ×mollicula House). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 150. | FNA vol. 6, p. 137. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | V. blanda subsp. macloskeyi, V. blanda var. macloskeyi, V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens, V. macloskeyi var. pallens, V. pallens, V. pallens subsp. macloskeyi, V. pallens var. subreptans, V. rotundifolia var. pallens | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Kellogg: Pacific (San Francisco), 2 Feb. 1855: unnumb. (1855) | F. E. Lloyd: Erythea 3: 74. (1895) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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