Viola pinetorum |
Viola canina |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
goosefoot yellow violet, mountain yellow violet, pine violet |
dog violet, heath dog-violet |
|||||
Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–18 cm, cespitose or not. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–40 cm. | ||||
Stems | 1–3, prostrate or erect, leafy proximally and distally, puberulent or canescent to gray-tomentose, sometimes glabrous, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
1–5, ascending to erect, glabrous, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
||||
Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–4; stipules adnate to petiole forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, margins entire or laciniate, apex of each wing free, tips usually filamentous; petiole 2.3–9.5 cm, puberulent or canescent; blade purple-tinted abaxially or not, usually linear to narrowly lanceolate, oblanceolate or obovate, or lanceolate-elliptic, rarely ovate, 1.3–5 × 0.3–2.5 cm, base attenuate, margins usually lacerate, dentate, or serrate, sometimes entire, usually undulate, ciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, surfaces puberulent to canescent or gray-tomentose; cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear-oblong, margins entire or lacerate, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.9–8.3 cm; blade 2.8–9.6 × 0.3–1.4 cm, length 4–11 times width. |
cauline; stipules linear to lanceolate, margins ± lacerate to subentire, points often gland-tipped, apex acute; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, glabrous; blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.2–5.2 × 1–2.7 cm, base cordate or deeply cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent on veins, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
||||
Peduncles | 2.9–11.5 cm, puberulent or canescent. |
1–10 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
||||
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially, upper 2 red- to purple-brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 5–12 mm, spur color same as petals, gibbous, 1.5–3 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals usually blue- to gray-violet on both surfaces, rarely white, white basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 15–25 mm, spur light yellow to light green or white, gibbous to usually elongated, 3–5 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
||||
Capsules | ovoid, 3.5–7 mm, puberulent. |
ovoid, 7.5–9 mm, glabrous. |
||||
Seeds | medium to dark brown, 2–3.5 mm. |
light to dark brown; 1.7–2.1 mm. |
||||
2n | = 12. |
= 40. |
||||
Viola pinetorum |
Viola canina |
|||||
Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | |||||
Habitat | Sunny to shady, dry to slightly moist ground, heath lands, grazed or mown grassland, dunes, rock ledges, open woodland, disturbed areas (roadsides, railway banks, gravel pits), littoral vegetation of lakes and streams | |||||
Elevation | 20–300 m (100–1000 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
CA
|
Greenland; Europe; Asia |
||||
Discussion | Flowers of Viola pinetorum have been observed to close up in late afternoon then fully reopen the following morning. Although E. O. Wooton and P. C. Standley (1915) reported Viola pinetorum from New Mexico, the plant was probably V. nuttallii. K. W. Allred (2008) noted that V. pinetorum occurs in California; he did not recognize it in New Mexico. Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola canina was possibly introduced in Greenland (T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson et al. 2010). Hybrids of Viola canina are known with the European species V. mirabilis Linnaeus, V. pumila Chaix, V. reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau, V. riviniana Reichenbach, V. rupestris F. W. Schmidt (both subspecies), V. stagnina Kitaibel, and V. uliginosa Besser. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
||||
Key |
|
|||||
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 144. | FNA vol. 6, p. 127. | ||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | V. purpurea var. pinetorum | V. canina var. montana, V. montana, V. nemoralis | ||||
Name authority | Greene: Pittonia 2: 14. (1889) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 935. (1753) | ||||
Web links |