Viola pedunculata |
Viola pubescens |
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California golden violet, johnny-jump-up, wild pansy, yellow pansy |
downy yellow violet, yellow forest violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–39 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 10–45 cm. | ||||
Stems | 1–10+, decumbent, ascending, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous or puberulent, from shallow to deep-seated, enlarged rhizome with fleshy to subligneous roots. |
1–3+, ascending to erect, leafless proximally, leafy distally, glabrous or puberulent, from subligneous rhizome. |
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Leaves | cauline; stipules ovate, linear-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes leaflike, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2.7–7.2 cm, usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate; blade deltate to ovate, 1–5.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base truncate, subcordate, or attenuate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
basal and cauline; basal: 0–4; stipules ovate to lanceolate, margins entire, coarsely toothed, or crenate, apex acute or obtuse; petiole 2.7–19.6 cm, lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.1–0.5 mm; petals lemon-yellow on both surfaces, lower 3 brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 and sometimes others, bearded, lowest 8–18 mm, spur yellow to greenish, gibbous, 1–2.5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
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Peduncles | 2.9–20 cm, sparsely to densely puberulent. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–3 mm; petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish brown, gibbous, 2–4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
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Capsules | ellipsoid, 5–11 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, 8–12(–20) mm, glabrous or tomentose. |
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Seeds | dark brown or black, shiny, 2.7 mm. |
brown, 1.8–3 mm. |
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2n | = 12. |
= 12. |
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Viola pedunculata |
Viola pubescens |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Apr. | |||||
Habitat | Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland | |||||
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK
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Discussion | The stems of Viola pedunculata arise from an enlarged, subterranean, spongy or fibrous rhizome. Often, these rhizome structures are deep seated; it is unknown how they get so deeply buried. The anther appendages of V. pedunculata are hairy distally, a characteristic not known to occur in other members of the V. purpurea complex. Larvae of the federally listed Callippe silverspot butterfly [Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) callippe] feed only on Viola pedunculata. Plants with leaves reported to be smaller, thinner, deltate, mostly longer than wide, with yellow petals (versus orange for Viola pedunculata var. pedunculata), style 2.1 mm (versus 2.9 mm for var. pedunculata), from the Pinnacles region in San Benito County, California, have been called subsp. tenuifolia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Viola pubescens is similar in overall appearance to V. glabella. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 144. | FNA vol. 6, p. 149. | ||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | V. pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia | Crocion pubescens | ||||
Name authority | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 141. (1838) | Aiton: Hort. Kew. 3: 290. (1789) | ||||
Web links |